Urban agglomeration - ndiro rakakura mumaguta ...

The kukurumidza kuchinja chiso kwenyika; musha nemisha kupa nzira kumaguta, vapedzisira, akavapindurawo, vari spliced pamwe uye kuva agglomeration. Izvi wevanotungamirira uye zvoupfumi mutoo iyo anova zvishoma nezvishoma, harigoni kumiswa. Progress pachayo dzinokubatsira zvinhu kuti vanhu kumhanyisa ayo mukurusa. The yose ramakumi remakore ndiyo nguva hombe maindasitiri. Zvakaguma kukura maindasitiri kwakasiyana-siyana uye akabatanidza kukura madhorobha vakawanda, izvo zvinoita chero maindasitiri basa chepuraimari zvekuvaka - vashandi.

Nyaya

Urban agglomeration - ndiro basa yokuwedzera mundima musha nokuda kwayo kuvaka pakuunganidza pedyo nemisha. Urbanization kwapfuura nokukurumidza zvakakwana kwemakore 80-95. Kana tikaenzanisa Verenga mashoko pamusoro pakutanga uye pakupera kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, ivo zvinoratidza nhamba kumaruwa uye dzomumaguta vanhu. In chikamu muzana mazwi, chiri sezvinotevera: muna 1903, 13% - vagere mumaguta, kubudikidza 1995 nhamba iri 50%. The kuitika mberi nhasi, asi guru rokutanga dzomumaguta nzvimbo akazviratidza munyika yekare. Somuenzaniso, Atene, Alexandria, uye, chokwadi, Rome mukuru. Pave paya, muna XVII remakore, wokutanga agglomeration yakabuda muna Europe - ichi Paris uye London, izvo kugara munzvimbo huru muBritish Isles. Muzana XIX remakore, paumbwe guru mumaguta Akatanga North America. Shoko rokuti "agglomeration" hunosumwa kwenguva yokutanga ine geographer French M. Rouget. Maererano nerondedzero yake, mumaguta agglomeration - ndiro goho vasiri zvokurima mabasa mucherechedzo wekuronga kuti kugarwa uye nezvokupindira imomo dzakapoteredza yawo. huripo pari tsanangudzo kuti mharidzo siyana zvakakwana, asi generalizing nheyo inofanira kuwedzera, kukura muguta. Kana izvi kufungwa wandei zvinodiwa.

tsananguro

N. V. Petrov anotsanangura agglomeration sesumbu Maguta nedzimwe misha iri miganhu musimboti, uye ivo pamwe chete kukura kwacho, pane nokusimbaradza marudzi ose ukama (basa, tsika, upfumi, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Panyaya iyi, sumbu anofanira kuva chiine kuva yakajeka administrative miganhu - zvose nechinzwano zvekunze. Pertsik EN anopa siyanei Tsanangudzo: madhorobha agglomeration - iri rinokosha urbanization, unosanganisira sumbu inoona nezvenjodzi namagariro dzapedyo vari mune zvoupfumi pasina uye vane chokufambisa samambure, injiniya kwezvivako, maindasitiri uye netsika ukama, zvakafanana munzanga uye michina chawo. Pamabasa ake, akasimbisa kuti ichi mhando nokuwadzana ndiyo zvibereko zvakatipoteredza zvesayenzi uye kwesayenzi mabasa, pave yepamusoro ruzivo uye zvivako. Saka, zviri pano kuti vashandi vakawanda unyanzvi dzikarongwa zvivanakire iyo anovandudza mabasa kwemauto nokusika zvinhu nokuda zororo rakanaka. Maguta pakukura uye mumaguta ndiwo miganhu miganhu yacho Mobile, kuti kwete nzvimbo chairo nomumwe zvinhu, asi nguva yakawandisa kufamba munhu kana nhumbi kubva musimboti kusvika arikunze.

Nzira dzekuziva nadzo Pakusarudza agglomeration

Pakati maguta akawanda ano chaizvo yakatanga, rine vanhu vanhu miriyoni 2-3 of. Kuona kuti nzvimbo inogona semhosva yemo nzvimbo, zvinokwanisika, kushandisa chaizvo kuongorora zvinodiwa. Asi pano, pfungwa vaongorori 'akasiyana: Vamwe zvamaronga kuti pfungwa boka zvinhu, mumwe zvakakwana kuva chimwe chinhu kuti zvakajeka uye rakanyorwawo. Nhamba Key sezvinoitirwa iro guta anogona kunzi kune agglomeration:

1. Vagari arambe achirema pa 1 mamita ^2.
2. The nhamba (vanhu 100 zviuru, yokumusoro muganhu hakuna muganhu).
3. Kumhanya okuvaka wayo chamazuva (asingasviki 20 km pakati guta huru yaro satellites).
4. Number sequestered nzvimbo (satellites).
5. Kuwanda kuvhakacha siyana zvinangwa pakati chinoumba uye arikunze (nokuti basa, kudzidza kana yokuzvifadza, vanonzi dzeraundi vaitamira).
6. An Integrated kwezvivako (utilities, foni).
7. Total logistics network.
8. Mugove vemo basa non-hwokurima basa.

Mhando mumadhorobha agglomerations

Pasinei kusiyana nekuita maitiro uye mamiriro ezvinhu coexistence maguta avo satellites, pane zvipfupi marongedzero Pakusarudza mhando munharaunda. Pane mhando mbiri huru: monocentric uye polycentric yemo nzvimbo. Nhamba huru yaivapo uye dzinoumba batanidzo ndezvaiye muchikwata yokutanga. Monocyclic agglomeration akaumba panheyo kutonga mumwe mukuru guta. Pane panozogadzirika kuti zvinosanganisira kukura munharaunda yayo vamwe namagariro uye zvinowanisa dzidziso dzavo pakuzadzisa mu symbiosis pamwe zvavanokwanisa. The Kudeuka mumadhorobha agglomeration (ruzhinji) zvakagadzirirwa chaiyo nokuda Monotype. Muenzaniso ndiye Moscow kana New York. Polycentric yemo nzvimbo dziri kunze, ivo nokubatanidza maguta akawanda, chimwe nechimwe chiri yoga tsanga uye absorbs akapoteredza nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, muGermany zviri Ruhr dhishi, zvakazara akavaka guru masangano, chimwe nechimwe chine satellites akawanda panguva imwe chete havavimbi pane mumwe uye ikashandiswa kupinda chimwe chikwata chete muganhu hwaro.

mamiriro

The rakakura mumaguta enyika dzakaumbwa mumaguta, ane nhoroondo hazvibatsiri kubva 100 kusvika 1000 makore. Izvi kare, chero maindasitiri zvivako, Retail ngetani, tsika nzvimbo nyore kuvandudza pane kuti kusika vatsva kubva muvare. The chete kunze ndiwo maguta American kuti pakutanga akaronga sechinhu agglomeration nokuda dzakakwirira zvoupfumi kukura prices.

Saka, ngatiitei muchidimbu mhedziso. Urban agglomeration - ari muronga kugarwa, inova (inenge, miganhu zvakajeka havapo) inogona rakakamurwa zvinotevera zvikamu:

1. Peguta, ayo nhoroondo chikamu, inova nhaka tsika nharaunda. Kupinda ndiro gomo rakareba masikati, kazhinji pane kurambidzwa kupinda kundima pachako zvifambiso.
2. Ring yakapoteredza chinokosha, bhizimisi centre. nzvimbo iyi zvikuru dzine akavaka zvivakwa muhofisi, mukuwedzera, pane rakakura hurongwa zvokudya emakambani (maresitorendi, nembariro, cafes), kukura kwebasa mabasa anogoverwa anewo zvikuru zvikuru (runako Salons, gyms uye dzimba dzemitambo, fashoni ateliers uye saizvozvo. D.). Pane zvakanaka dzakabudirira okutengesa network, kunyanya zvitoro zvinodhura pamwe chete zvinhu, pane administrative ruzhinji masangano.
3. The nharaunda mupenyu, raiva zvivako akare. In nedanho agglomeration kazhinji anotendeukira mabhizimisi maruwa. Izvi imhaka kwemitengo nyika nokuda kwezvivako mufurati. Nokuda dzose kudiwa izvozvo, mamiriro dzisina chokuita Monuments of mapurani uye nhoroondo, akaputsa kana modernized kuti hofisi nezvimwe zvivako.
4. Multi-storey hombe kuvakwa. Long-rokuti (kurara) nzvimbo, kugadzira uye maindasitiri zvikamu. kazhinji kwemauto Izvi zvikuru evanhu mirayiridzo (zvikoro, hombe nehoro, zvipatara, mumaraibhurari uye zvakafanana. D.).
5. Suburban nzvimbo, mumapaki, mapindu, nemisha-satellites. Zvichienderana ukuru yemo nzvimbo, nzvimbo iyi iri kukura uye yokugadzirisa.

zvokukura budiriro

All mumaguta enyika ndivo pezvakaitwa chikuru inotungamirwa. Misha vakawanda vakarega mu kukura kwavo (dzimwe mudariro), vamwe vari kutanga nzira dzavo uye kwazvo vakasununguka kuti igarwe nevanhu marongerwo. Inogona kupatsanurwa zvinotevera matanho:

1. Industrial agglomeration. Kubatana pakati chinoumba uye arikunze kunobva kugadzirwa zvinhu pamusoro. Labor zvinhu zviri rakasungirirwa imwe zvebhizimisi, hapana mukuru zvivako uye nyika musika.
2. Transformational Danho. Dzinoratidzwa zvakawedzera pamwero pakufamba kuenda kwaaishanda, ukuwo, vanoumba nevakawanda basa pamusika, muzinda riri guta guru. agglomeration neerekitironi anotanga vanoshingaira kuumba nemauto mabasa uye zvinokuvaraidza.
3. Dynamic agglomeration. Danho iri anopa mazuvaano uye kuchinjwa kugadzirwa vanokwanisa panguva migove peripheral. In zvakafanana, dzichiri logistics maitiro unokubvumira kuita zvakawanda nokukurumidza coalescence dzaKora uye kuongorora maguta. Pane kwakapararira basa musika, Real Estate, mukuru kwezvivako inovakwa.
4. The post-maindasitiri agglomeration. The mukunopera, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva kuguma kudyidzana kwendangariro. Huripo kutaurirana (chinoumba-arikunze) vanosimbiswa uye kuwedzerwa. Rinotanga kushanda kuvandudza mamiriro agglomeration kukwezva zvakawanda zvokushandisa uye kuwedzera mabasa.

Zvinoumba agglomerations Russian

Kuwedzera mwero zvoupfumi kukura yepamusorosoro kugadzirwa, nyika yedu inofanira kuva yakajeka uye costed urongwa pedyo uye kure ramangwana. Kare, kwakava ezvinhu umo dzomumaguta agglomerations Russia vakanga yakavakirwa kungobva maindasitiri mhando. Kana ari vakaronga upfumi zvaiva zvakakwana, asi panguva kumanikidzwa yezwi nokuchinja danho (paumbwe kumusika upfumi), paiva dzinoverengeka matambudziko zvaifanira kubviswa mukati mumakore 90. Pakuzadzisa mumaguta inoda hurumende nechepamwoyo kupindira. Ndokusaka nyaya iyi kakawanda kukurukurwa nenyanzvi uye dare miviri wehurumende simba. Zvakakodzera kupedza pokudzorerwa, mazuvaano uye kwemahofisi kugadzirwa bwezvingoro, izvo zvaizoita kunotoreva here simba agglomeration pezvakaitwa. Pasina kutora chikamu kwe hurumende sechinhu funder uye rinodzora Danho rino hazvisi kuwanikwa maguta akawanda. Zvakanakira kushanda agglomerations zvoupfumi zvinopa, saka anotokonya kushamwaridzana kwacho inoona nezvenjodzi kwakabatana maguta nemisha. Large mumadhorobha agglomerations zvenyika zvinogona akasikwa Russia munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Tine zvakafanira zvose zviwanikwa zvakawanda, zvakakodzera nemazvo kushandisa pfungwa - yaiona.

The Kudeuka mumadhorobha agglomerations Russia

Kutaura zvazviri, kuti musi hapana Nhamba yakajeka. Maererano wakatarwa nzira agglomerations muRussia vangazivikanwa 22 pakukura, vari kukura zvishoma nezvishoma. In nyika yedu rikunde monocentric mhando inotungamirwa. Urban agglomeration Russia kakawanda dziri mune maindasitiri padariro kukura, asi avo kugoverwa evanhu zvinhu zvakakwana vachiwedzera. The nhamba uye chinogumbura inotungamirwa vari yakarongwa zvinotevera kutevedzana (vokutanga 10):

1. Moscow.
2. St. Petersburg.
3. Rostov.
4. Samara-Togliatti.
5. Nizhny Novgorod.
6. Novosibirsk.
7. Ekaterinburg.
8. Kazan.
9. KuChelyabinsk.
10. Volgograd.

Kuwanda mumadhorobha agglomerations yokuRussia iri kukura somugumisiro pakusikwa shamwari itsva, iyo hadzishandi dzinosanganisira kumaguta makuru: yacho Fusion kunoitika panguva tichiregeredza zvekuvaka indekisi kana maindasitiri zvido.

nyika agglomeration

Amazing zvinhu nenhamba chingawanikwa nokudzidza nyaya. Vamwe vane pose agglomeration nzvimbo uye vanogara akafanana neavo yose. Uwandu nyaya dzakaoma kuverenga, mumwe nomumwe mazvikokota anoshandisa chaiyo (navo vakasarudzwa) boka anoti kana mumwe wavo. Asi kana kukurukura kupfuura gumi unogona kuvimba tabvumirana nenyanzvi. saka:

1. Large mumadhorobha agglomerations zvenyika - Tokyo, Yokohama. Vagari - vanhu miriyoni 37.5 (Japan).
2. Jakarta (Indonesia).
3. Delhi (India).
4. Seoul-Korean (South Korea).
5. Manila (Philippines).
6. Shanghai China (prc they).
7. Karachi (Pakistan).
8. New York (USA).
9. Mexico (Mexico).
10. Sao Paulo (Brazil).

Nezvinetso mumadhorobha agglomerations

With zvose zvinobatsira zvine chokuita kukura upfumi, tsika, bhizimisi uye sainzi, pane vazhinji zvainovhiringidzawo, izvo kubudikidza kumaguta makuru yoku. Chekutanga, pamwero mukuru kukurukurirana uye akaramba achiwedzera mutoro (mu basa kukura) kunotungamirira matambudziko ari kwedzimba, ukuwo, zvinoderedza padanho kunyaradzwa vemunyika. Chechipiri, senga uye logistics zvirongwa havasi kupa zvakakodzera nenhanho motokari kumhanya kwenhumbi uye vanhu. Chechitatu, muprista nenhanho kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza (mhepo, mvura, ivhu). Chechina, kuti agglomeration zvinokwezva zvakawanda kushanda Vagari misha kuti havasi shamwari dzavo. Nezuva rechishanu, kunzwisisa kwakaita administrative utariri ndima huru. matambudziko aya aizivikanwa ose guta anogara, uye kutaura navo kunoda yakareba uye nguva basa zvivako zvose guta.