Vari kutengeswa hombodo dzemvura winemakers, vabiki vacho uye mishonga: kavha kukura yokurera

The Kuwadzana wokutanga, izvozvo anoteterera kupindura mubvunzo zviri kutengeswa hombodo, dzinenge dzose chete - waini.

Kunyange zvazvo vokuRussia kakawanda kutaura vodka uye doro, anomiririra munhu negirazi rinoonekera bhodhoro. Papera Recall mukaka bhodhoro, PET polutoralitrovye remonedhi, mhuri makemikari mapurasitiki, mafuta sunflower uye solvent.

Zvaiitika

Nokuti chengetedzo uye zvokufambisa namafuta newaini vamiriri mararamiro ekare yaishandiswa uye kwematehwe uye mifananidzo emapuranga midziyo uye zvedongo nemidziyo. The kumumvuri pakati hombodo ano vari Chokwadi, vekare Egyptian amphora: kutwasuka yakamanikana mikukutu midziyo kutakura uye kuchengeta zvose doro uye waini, uye mafuta.

Glass midziyo nokuti kuchengetera mvura raiswa makore anopfuura zviuru zvitatu akapfuura (1700 BC. E.). Glass midziyo yakagadzirwa Goldstone namatidza. Nzira yacho kuoma, nguva-pakuzadza uye mirefu. Uye chete ipapo, kana yagadzirwa nokuda blowpipe (BC 1-2 remakore. E.), The kwacho kwakava nyore. The VaRoma nyanzvi kugadzirwa girazi zvigadzirwa, kuvandudza chimiro uye anokwanisa nemidziyo.

Mushure remakore rechi13 Venetian vanatenzi nyaya vakayambuka mumaruwa uye akatanga kuudza kwese, paiva kudiwa kuchengetera uye zvokufambisa mvura, kunyange zvazvo vakanga chaizvo haungatani kuputsika.

Muzana remakore rechi17 yeBritain patented muovheni kuti marasha vachiridzira. Glass zvigadzirwa vava nesimba muchoto rwakakwaniswa vachiridzira Bhodhoro rima. Winemakers pakarepo vakaziva izvi, uye maererano, kamwe patented bhotoro wokutanga waini (1661, England).

Sei girazi?

Zvakanakira girazi pamberi ivhu vari pachena: yepamusoro abrasion nemishonga, yakaderera brittleness, kutopedza pachena. High transportability akapa zvakachipa kugadzira muitiro (muchini kugadzirwa girazi rakanga patented muna 1901) rava kuzivikanwa zviri kupararira girazi. Utsanana, nyore kuchenesa, chero arambe achirema uye ruvara - zvakanaka aya vakawedzera kuti mukuru wechikoro, uye girazi kavha zvava chinokosha.

Kuti vanotengeswa muhombodo regirazi winemakers nhasi?

Patented kuti dende rewaini kubva remakore rechi17 harina kuchinja zvikuru.

Kupfuura mukurumbira uye gobvu vaiona Bordeaux bhodhoro, inogona nyore kuzivikanwa nevamwe uye pamapfudzi concave pasi. Rinoshandiswa kuti kuzadza Red uye chena waini.

For Burgundian hombodo dzinoratidzwa raiiswa mapfudzi, ichi ndicho chechipiri pakukura magirazi midziyo waini.

Gondo dende Burgundy rinonzi "nenyere", kuigadzira yakabudiswa muGermany.

The akakurumbira dende ikapenya waini yagadzirwa (kubudikidza nengano, Mugadziri ikapenya waini "Dom Perignon") mumongi Pierre Perignon. A Zvinoitwa kavha iyi rusvingo pakukora, uye chaiwo capping weighted pasi.

Midziyo nokuti vodka uye midzimu

Munguva Soviet nguva vagere munyika havanzwi vakasununguka pamusoro Kupfupika richaitirwa siyana regirazi, umo kudururira vodka, bhurandi uye rum at. vodka Kutengeswa rakarongwa pamusoro shure girazi midziyo: vokuparidzira hombodo tsvina achatorwa, ipapo vaishamba vakagura Chikwata, kwakaitwa chaiyo washing machine, chete pashure kuti zvakare nehombodo akazadzwa vodka. Typical mudziyo segirazi uye rima mitema mabhodhoro - 0.5 fő, zvinenge 0.25.

Yanhasi Deals vodka vaburitsi katyamadza kwete chete yokusiyana kugutsikana uye mazita, asiwo fomu. Traditional hombodo girazi Soviet enda rwenzira, achipa nzira pokumuka siyana zvakagadzirwa pamwe monogram uye mavara chitaridzi. Kakawanda, kavha nhasi hachichinjiki..

Beer Glass kana PET

Traditional mudziyo nokuti doro pashure doro Mug girazi bhodhoro anoonekwa kuti: chena, segirazi, mutema, shava. 1970 asati, Zvainzi nokuda girazi kuti bottling doro.

hombodo yaigadzirwa polyethylene terephthalate (PET) yava isiyo nzira kune rinorema girazi. uremu epurasitiki midziyo doro (uye vamwe zvinwiwa) 0.5 L - 28 magiramu zvachose, uye girazi anoyera 350 magiramu.

Vagadziri PET mabhodhoro kuti zvakanakira mudziyo uyu anosanganisira yakaderera cost, uye kudekara yokugadzirisa nayo, uye aesthetics, uye recyclability.

Zvazvakashatira PET midziyo

Chipingamupinyi ehupfumi pamusoro PET mabhodhoro hatibvumiri mvura kuti inochengetwa-refu chinzvimbo. Izvi imhaka yokuti duku kukura gasi mamorekuru (oxygen , carbon dioxide) zvikuru kupinda nyore cheni mukuru samolecular uremu polyethylene mamiriro. Uyewo chinhu chipingamupinyi kuti UV mwaranzi.

Naizvozvo, zvivako zviri carbonated zvinodhaka zvinosiyana. MuGermany, doro muhombodo PET anogona chete kushandiswa mukati memasvondo maviri. Domestic vagadziri akaisa tolerances makuru - kusvikira mwedzi mina.

Vari kutengeswa hombodo dzemvura PET, kunze doro?

The kambani "PepsiCo" kutanga kushandisa kavha kwakadaro kuti zvinwiwa. Muna 1974, kufekitari pagadzirwe PET mabhodhoro yakavakwa Novorossiysk ichi kambani.

Basa kubudisa mudziyo akadaro anonzi imwe yenzvimbo dzine mukurumbira uye zvinobatsira: yakakwirira turnover runoita kuwana yakagadzikana mari shoma inivhesitimendi. About mugove mari mabhodhoro wokupedzisira mutengo rinoti ichi: 90% of mutengo chicherwa mvura mari mugaba.

In Russia nhasi PET kudiwa panguva nokuzadza rose - nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka, miriwo mafuta uye facial. Nokuti mondo uye mafuta mureza kukwanisa - 0.9-1 l. Yomumabhodhoro facial asunungurwa kubva 0.1 fő 1 fő.

Yomumabhodhoro chicherwa mvura mu Russia iri shoma kudiwa mu girazi kupfuura PET. Izvi nokuda seasonality pamusoro zvinodyiwa uye okushambadza kufanana nevechiduku yapa chigadzirwa yerudzi rutsva yebasa vokuRussia (kubvira muna 1990).

Hombodo dzakagadzirwa mupurasitiki aruminiyamu, apo uye nei

To wokuti: "Chii inotengeswa muhombodo akagadzirwa mapurasitiki" - mhinduro yakajeka: mhuri makemikari, zvinonhuhwira nependi Mazinga.

Hazvibviri kufungidzira kicheni pasina chero mabhodhoro nedzimwe zhirosmyvatelyami uye chidodzi removers. Huge vakasarudzwa shampoos, gels, conditioners mupurasitiki kana aruminiyamu mabhodhoro zvinoshamisa.

Automobile uye kuvakwa pendi, enamels Kohler zvinoberekwa vagadziri kwete chete mumidziyo guru, asi nekuda mukanyiwa pamusika ari epurasitiki mugaba.