Welfare basa - chii? Science dzakagadzirirwa

Pakutanga 21 remakore vakasuwa vakawanda mabhuku kubata nyaya tsvakurudzo, kurovedza, uye dzidzo vana dzisina nemikana chepfungwa. Zviri chinhu kuti inodzidza mufaro basa. Chii? Uyu ndiwo mumwe mapazi Defectology, izvo inodzidza nyaya wokugadzirira upenyu mupfungwa chakakanganisika vanhu uye anotaura nyaya kwohumwe dzavo vapore.

History nzanga Maonero kuti dementia

In nesayenzi yemazuva hakuna ruzivo pamusoro chii nzvimbo inogarwa kanganisika vanhu vamarudzi chinyakare. Zvisinei, zviri pachena kuvazivisa chokwadi kuti nhengo avo munzanga vakanga vasingagoni kubatanidzwa kuwana zvokudya, kana kuurayiwa pachavo kana vakaurayiwa.

Haukwanisi kuzodana humán muvanhu Maonero kune simba mupfungwa, kwete chete kare, asiwo Ages. On vanhu vakadaro vaionekwa vasina mutemo kwevanhu uye vakatongerwa, naizvozvo, haana kufanira tsitsi uye rubatsiro. Society akaedza vazvidzivirire kubva avo vane maitiro ari zvakawanda kana zvishoma kukuvara ayo zvarwo.

The kuchinja pachinhu dementia yaiva French Revolution (1786-1793 gg.). Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kutanga zvitsva nhoroondo rinokosha kukura wose muvanhu. Uyezve, chimurenga ichi akava vakasimudzira zvikuru kukura sayenzi vari muminda ruzivo siyana. Muna 1793 akabudisa imwe Declaration of Human Rights, iyo, sezvo mitemo akawanda, vakati kuti voruzhinji rubatsiro murombo vanhu dzinofanira kuonekwa sechinhu basa dzvene. Muchiitiko chino, zviri kukurukurwa kwete zvipo kana rudo, asi somunhu chamakarairwa mamiriro.

Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, dambudziko dementia kuva kunyanya chakasimba. nguva ino kunoratidzwa kukurumidza kukura indasitiri, ikawanda kudzvinyirirwa vashandi uye chinokosha kudzikira kwavo nderemagariro. Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti vachiwedzera vana mwero. Ndokusaka muna dementia kudzidza ndokuiswa nhoroondo chokuita psycho-pedagogical uye kunotoda hunhu. basa rose rakanga raitwa mberi tarisiro kukura pfungwa simba pfungwa vanhu.

Akaramba kushanda munharaunda iyi vakabatsira kuti nokukurumidza maruva kuti sayenzi yepanyama. Izvi zvakabatsira kuti chidzoke mu rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20, nzvimbo mbiri mukunzwisisa musimboti uye hunhu dementia. Vamiririri vavo pfungwa dzavo kwekushereketa kutsvaka zvinokonzera uye kurapwa kudzidza zvokurwara, uyewo kudzidzisa vana mupfungwa chakakanganisika. Saka, zvinokosha mari kuti kukura zvakanaka kwebasa kwakaitwa vanachiremba vepfungwa akadai B. Weigand, Serbskii VI Yakovenko nevamwe.

Ukama dementia muna Rus

Kutarisira varombo uye mapenzi munyika yedu pamazuva akare ndiye akatanga kuratidza muChechi yeOrthodox. Izvi zvinoratidzwa zvitupa chaiko kubva rechi10 remakore.

In yekare vanhu Rus 'vaiona mupfungwa chakakanganisika vanhu chinogamuchirika kuna Mwari uye vaya vakavapoteredza chinhu Aura chakavanzika uye kuyera. Zvisinei, mapenzi, vachidzungaira migwagwa munyika, hwakonzera zvakaipa. Vakaita guru nhamba kwokudarika uye dzimba. Ndokusaka zvakakodzera nevamwe vavo kubva muvanhu. sangano rokutanga kwakadaro yakavhurwa Riga, Dr. Friedrich Plyats. Yakanga chevanorwara wezvokurapa-pedagogical kuti pfungwa chakakanganisika uye chirwere pfari. Chakasimudzira achishumira sangano iri kusvikira 1941.

Events pamusoro dzidzo uye kurovedza vana kanganisika rwaiitwa muRussia uye masangano nemauto nokubatsira dzinokosha zvikoro.

Correctional vane kare atora mutsva dzoro mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, akagashira kurudziro simba wacho kukura kuburikidza nebasa vanachiremba vepfungwa I. G. Ignatevoy uye P. I. Kovalevskogo. Zvisinei, vanowanzoita akanongedza kushaya achishandisa paruzhinji pakuchengetedzwa kukura mupfungwa chakakanganisika. Ipapo E. K. Gracheva, mubasa tsvakurudzo mumunda kanganisika vana kurovedza uye dzidzo, achinongedzera kukuvadza kuruzhinji kusatevedzera rubatsiro rwakadaro.

Danho Soviet vedu mamiriro kukura akasiyana nokusika kusiyaniswa richikurukura anokosha masangano. Vakanga rakazaruka kuti dzidzo yevana yakaderera njere.

Welfare basa - nesayenzi, izvo panguva eSoviet yakazokudziridzwa kuvonga mberi chinokosha basa IG Eremenko, IP Lauzhikasa, IA Groshenkova, M. N. Perova nevamwe vaongorori zhinji.

Pari, chirango ichi anodzidzwa muna Institute of Correctional Pedagogy pakati Pedagogical Sciences of Russian Federation. Modern zvakanaka basa - chii? mirayiridzo iyi, kudzidza mapatani uye zvimwe kukura mupfungwa chakakanganisika vana, iyo anozviratidza ari hwekudzidza. Research uye kukura munharaunda iyi rinoitwa ano masayendisiti oligophrenopedagogs. Pahwaro basa ravo kuita zvimwe zvinhu kuti hurongwa, kwete anokosha chete, asiwo vose zvavo dzidzo.

Kutaurirana nevamwe sayenzi

Oligophrenopedagogics usingagoni kurarama uye kukura pasina dzinoverengeka chokuita nyaya, izvo conditionally rakamuka-kamuka zvinogumbura matatu. Izvi nesayenzi yezvokurapa, zvepfungwa uye pedagogical. Zvinorevei nzvimbo idzi nemagariro kwebasa?

Kana sayenzi zvokurapa, achibatsirwa wavo, masayendisiti vanodzidza dambudziko vana mupfungwa chakakanganisika, vanokwanisa kunzwisisa zvipenyu zvinokonzera chirwere uye hunhu kuchinja zvakaitika mumuviri murwere. In module ichi uchawana; asi physiology uye anatomi, neurology pamwe neuroscience, wepfungwa uye psychopathology, Pediatrics uye genetics. anoranga aya kubvumira masayendisiti kunzwisisa zvinhu anenge chakakanganisika kukura mwana, izvo zvinoita kuti zvakanaka kukudziridza yedzidzo.

Vanodarika kufanana mufaro basa? yevanhu zvepfungwa (general, inokosha uye pedagogical) - kurangwa kuti zvidzidzo zviri Zvinokoshawo chaizvo nokugara zvakanaka kwebasa. Vanobvumira here kuziva mapatani zviri kuwanikwa vana vakaremara rezvedzidzo. Uyewo avo rubatsiro-oligophrenopedagogs masayendisiti kuwana pfungwa kushanda kwendangariro kuitika varwere yakadaro. Izvi zvinoita kutsvakurudza kupembedza kushandisa mitoo uye nzira.

The dzidzo yevana vakaremara nevakangwara ane zvikuru rubatsiro pedagogy. kuranga Izvi zvinoita kuti havatsananguri Mashoko ari misimboti, zvinangwa uye zviri kudzidza kubva mupfungwa chakakanganisika vechikoro. In pedagogy iri chikwereti zvinoreva, nzira uye unyanzvi kuti kudzidzisa muchikwata ichi vadzidzi. In misa iyi ine sayenzi anoverengeka. Pakati pavo vane zvakajairika, zvemagariro uye anokosha pedagogy uye didactics basa rokudzidzisa.

The vakawanda Pfungwa chirango

Saka, mazuva zvakanaka basa - chii? Iri sainzi, iyo anovandudza kudzidzisa kupatsanura, izvo zvinogona kupa mukana kwete chete munhu, asiwo kusiyaniswa yokutaura nevana yakaderera ungwaru. Uyezve, chirango rinoreva nzira uye zviga dzidzo vadzidzi, zviri basa kurovedza ravo uye zvayo dzidzo. Sezvo voga nzira wakadini basa sechinhu sayenzi kushandisa kunenge kuti chirango kuumba hurongwa uye ezvirevo akaita zvikoro zvinoshandiswa chaiyo masangano edzidzo.

zvinhu zvinotaurwa

Munhu anokumbira nemagariro basa - chii zviripo kuziva kuti chirango ichi ane chete tsime souya pedagogy. Inokurukurawo mukuru maitiro chidzidzo, nheyo yedzidzo muitiro, uye zvichingodaro. D. chete Kusiyana pedagogy, ichi munda dzesayenzi ari kuongorora kushanda pamwe mupfungwa chakakanganisika nevana inobva zvinhu zvavo. Panguva iyoyowo mirawu wakadini basa, zvakadai kurovedza uye dzidzo, kukura uye paumbwe munhu, nerevo zvakafanana mune zvavo pedagogy.

zvinhu nzira

Masayendisiti oligophrenopedagogs basa rinoitwa:

• tsvakurudzo;
• ongororo;
• nemibvunzo;
• Kudzidza vana waivako;
• kuedza;
• kudzidza mapepa mupfungwa uye pedagogical hunhu.

Nzira dzose idzi mufaro basa sechinhu sainzi. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Pakuitisa zvakawanika akaita kudzidza munhu pedagogical chinoshamisa chinangwa. Somugumisiro, nevatsvakurudzi anogamuchira ndeechokwadi zvinhu. Observation zvinokonzera chinangwa chaicho, ane matambudziko ayo, uyewo chinhu. Panguva yacho kuuraya protocols (zvinyorwa) vari kuchengetedzwa.

Kazhinji basa masayendisiti kunobva tsvakurudzo inoitwa navo, mumwe nzira iri kukurukura. Kunoitawo kuti tiwane kodzero ruzivo uye kujekesa zvakanga zvisiri pachena zvakakwana kana kushandisa dzimwe nzira mufaro basa. Discussion wakaitwa zano rakarongwa kare.

Kubereka hombe muunganidzwa mashoko achibvumira masayendisiti kundorondedzera. Pamusangano vanowana sei pakunyorera mibvunzo.

No zvishoma zvinokosha zvinhu vatsvakurudzi vari mubishi kwokudzidza zvigadzirwa kwakaitwa vana vakaremara rezvedzidzo. zvigadzirwa izvi zvinosanganisira kuva siyana rwokugadzira, mifananidzo, uyewo mukabhuku nemiedzo uye mabasa chinoitwa munhu anoranga.

Correctional zvinotevera nzira inobva kudzidza magwaro akasiyana-siyana psycho-pedagogical hunhu. Izvi Zvinyorwa zvokurapa uye pachedu mafaira vana, diaries vavo, magazini inotonhorera, maitiro dzidzo, uye zvichingodaro. D. Achibatsirwa nzira iyi kuwana chinangwa umboo inotaridza tsika sangano iri hwekudzidza.

A rinokosha iri kuridzwa ne kuedza muna zveBhaibheri. Zviri panosvikira zvikuru rakarongwa, imwe nzira kana zviri basa. Chinangwa muitiro uyu ndiko kuona kubudirira kudzidzisa hwekudzidza. Kuedza ine anotevera:

• ari yokungotaura Pfungwa dambudziko, tsanangudzo zvinangwa, pasi uye chinhu tsvakurudzo, budiriro mabasa uye hypothesizing;
• methodological Zviitiko kutsvakurudza nzira uye migumisiro mamwe kugadzira unyanzvi;
• akatakura kubva kuedza muchimiro kuekisesaiza, nhevedzano mabasa uye zvichingodaro nezvimwewo..
• Analytical Qualitative uye quantitative Kuongorora anowanika data, kuti idzidziso pakati mhedziso uye vaigadzirira mazano audzwa.

Kushanda nevana mupfungwa chakakanganisika

Pane basa akadai - "kugarika basa". It inotengwa nevanhu pashure kudzidzisa uye kudzidzisa vana vakaremara rezvedzidzo. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti basa rine nhamba chaiyo zvinhu. Saka, basa oligophrenopedagogs harisi chete purogiramu nevadzidzi vavo kuti vanyatsobata munhu mukwende chikoro ruzivo. nyanzvi iyi rinoita vana unyanzvi hunodiwa kuti ramangwana akazvimirira upenyu. Chete pamusoro vabudirire kuurayiwa basa ichi, mwana akaremara achakwanisa kubatana kuita uye tsika dzenyika.

Oligophrenopedagogics - basa kunangidzirwa kwete chete kune vana asiwo vavo vabereki, vari zvakare vanoda mazano ane vanonyatsokwanisa basa. The mari vadzidzisi correctional dzidzo zvishoma kudarika vamwe vake vari vanhuwo chikoro. Uye munhu mupfupi kushanda zuva. Uyezve, oligophrenopedagogs anoshanda mapoka maduku nevana (8 kusvika 12 vanhu).

Vadzidzi vanowanzotevedzera kunzwisisa kunaka mudzidzisi wake uye rudo nayo. Zvisinei, kushanda nevana yakaderera ungwaru, simba haasi munhu wose. mudzidzisi akadaro anofanira kuva netariro. Pasina ichi, icho akarasikirwa pfungwa zvose mabasa nevaya kubatsirwa chaidzo. Kutenda mwana uye mutsa - ndiwo mamiriro pasina iro hazvishandi, hapana nzira pedagogical.

nyanzvi Izvi zvinofanira kuona zvose mudzidzi ane remara yakasiyana unhu uye kuzvishandira. Hongu, basa iri chokuita chinokosha mupfungwa uye dzimwe nguva chaiko nesimba. Zvisinei, achiona kuti mwana zvishoma nedanho, inowana vabudirira itsva - mufaro chaiwo kuti mudzidzisi.

kubasa

Oligophrenopedagogs avimbiswa nevana vavo kindergartens uye zvikoro nevana rezvedzidzo vakaremara. Jobs vanachiremba yakadaro uyewo siyana inorapa uye munzanga nzvimbo. Akabvunza nokuda basa, uye mune dzimwe yechipiri zvikoro nezvipatara, izvo makirasi rakashama vana vane pfungwa retardation. Kunyanya oligophrenopedagogs anobatsira wevana-neuropsychiatrist. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya dzakaoma kunzwisisa, nechirwere pakati pathologies ari psyche mwana.

chikuru unhu

Oligophrenopedagogs haagoni kushanda pasina unyoro uye rudo nevana. Uyezve, tinofanira mazvikokota kushingaira kwakadaro uye basa, kutsungirira uye kukwanisa kunakidzwa chinhu, kunyange chiduku kubudirira kumawadhi avo. An chinokosha zvimiso yakati basa zvakadaro kuda kuwana zivo itsva. Pashure pezvose, sainzi kunoramba kuchienderera mberi, uye mudzidzisi anofanira kuva nechido kudzidza uye kushandisa michina mitsva uye unyanzvi pfungwa naye. Kuti tiwane zivo itsva, unogona kutora kosi mune zvakanaka basa. Izvi zvichaita kuvandudza huripo unyanzvi uye dzidza pamusoro itsva kuitika Vatsvakurudzi mumunda uyu.

kuwana zivo

Vadzidzisi kushanda pamwe nevana mupfungwa chakakanganisika vanofanira kunzwisisa physiology kwavo huripo kutyorwa, okugadzirisa nzira dzive uye kukwanisa kuongorora migumisiro basa rake. Uye ichi zvinoda kudzichengeta mufaro basa. Kuti aite izvi, unogona kupinda Moscow State University Pedagogical. yunivhesiti iyi ine defectology fakaroti chinodzidzisa vanachiremba munzvimbo iyi. Kurovedza Profile ndiyo vakadini basa.

Chido kugamuchira basa uye anokumbira Moscow City Pedagogical University. Potemkin. Correctional Education panguva rorusununguko Special Education vose vanoda kubatanidza upenyu hwavo basa iri rakaoma. Pane imwe yunivhesiti yemo inogadzirira vashandi vanokwanisa mumunda uyu. This Moscow State okuyamura University. Sholokhov. In sangano iri rokudzidzisa ine defectology weVadzidzisi Vedare, iyo inodzidzisa vanachiremba nenzira nezvokurambana.

Wana oligophrenopedagogs basa kunogona mune dzimwe zvikoro yakakwirira dzidzo Russia.