YeParamende zvokuvhoterwa: mienzaniso munyika. YeParamende zvokuvhoterwa: Pamazita

Pane zvakawanda zvinokosha siyana hurumende munyika yanhasi, iyo yakaumbwa kare. Munyaya ino, tichakurukura yakadaro nevezvematongerwo enyika ave zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende. Mienzaniso nyika unogona kuwana munyaya ino.

Chii?

Parliamentary Republic (mienzaniso kunyika iyi hurumende inogona kuwanikwa pazasi) - hurumende imwe mhando umo simba rose yedzinza zvemitemo muviri chaiwo - paramende. Munyika dzakasiyana kunonzi zvakasiyana: Bundestag - muGermany, weParamende - muAustria, kuti Saeima - kuPoland, uye zvichingodaro ..

The chehurumende "zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende" kunoratidzwa zvikurukuru nokuti riri Paramende anoumba hurumende, izvo kuzvidavirira zvizere kuna nayo, uye zvakare elects purezidhendi nyika (kakawanda). Sezvo izvi zvose zviri kuitika tsika? Mushure sarudzo dzeparamende Vanhu vaJehovha Party kuhwinha vazhinji kuumba mubatanidzwa pahwaro iyo hurumende itsva aumbwa. Muchiitiko chino, mumwe Bato anowana dzinoverengeka "nemigove mumabhizimisi" maererano kwayo uremu iri mubatanidzwa. Uye saka, munhu zvirevo zvishomanana, uye anogona kutsanangura anoita sangano akadai zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende.

Mienzaniso munyika - mashoko "wakachena" chinoda dzeparamende - zvinogona zvinotevera: ndiko Germany, Austria, Ireland, India (ndiyo mienzaniso zvikuru ainakidza). Kubvira 1976, nhamba yavo akawedzera Portugal, uye kubvira muna 1990 - African rudzi Cape Verde.

Regai kunyonganisa pfungwa dzakadai namambo yeparamende uye zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende, kunyange ivo akafanana chaizvo. The chikuru Kufanana ndechokuti nzvimbo revane simba anoita se Paramende uye purezidhendi (kana mambo) ane chete mumiririri basa, kureva ndiko chete rudzi chiratidzo munyika. Asi musiyano mukuru pakati siyana aya hurumende iri zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende umo purezidhendi akasarudzwa neparamende nguva dzose, uye munzvimbo iyi umambo ndiyo nhaka.

Republic: weNyika, dzeparamende, hwakakanyiwa

To musi, pane mhando nhatu inotaura. Zvichienderana kukura uye upamhi masimba purezidhendi - purezidhendi - anokudzwa wenyika uye dzeparamende zvokuvhoterwa. A klassiske muenzaniso vemutungamiri zvokuvhoterwa nguva dzose akataura United States, mienzaniso zvetsika zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende - Germany, Italy, Czech Republic uye nevamwe.

Uyewo, wechitatu mhando iri dzinounzwa uye Republic - anonzi yakavhenganiswa. In akadaro rinoti, vaviri mapazi rusununguko anenge chete simba uye kudzora mumwe. Mienzaniso yakawanda unoshamisa kunyika dzakadai - France, Romania.

The chikuru zvinoitwa zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende

All States ane zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende zvakafanana features, izvo zvinofanira dzakanyorwa:

• Executive simba runobva zvachose kusvikira musoro wehurumende, kungava kuti Prime Minister kana chanzera;
• The President akasarudzwa chinzvimbo hakusi vanhu, uye Paramende (kana kuti unokosha bhodhi);
• Tsvangirai neMutungamiriri weNyika, kunyange nominated nenhamba vatungamiri vaite ruzhinji mubatanidzwa;
• mutoro wose chiito Hurumende yacho unobereka musoro wayo;
• mabasa ose President achava rinoshanda chete kana vari yakasainwa ne Prime Minister kana kuti akakodzera Minister.

YeParamende zvokuvhoterwa: mazita enyika

Kuwanda munyika chimiro ichi hurumende iri guru zvakakwana. Parizvino, pane vanenge makumi matatu zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende, zvinokosha kuziva kuti rimwe nhamba panyaya iyi haisi. Chokwadi chokuti dzimwe nyika vari zvakaoma chaizvo kuti titi kune imwe mhando. Mienzaniso Parliament Republic vanopiwa pazasi (vari anoparadzirwa pamusoro dzimwe nyika):

• Europe - Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Italy, Estonia, Ireland, Iceland, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Marita, Lithuania, Latvia, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Finland, Slovenia uye Slovakia;
• Asia - Turkey, Israel, Nepal, Singapore, India, Bangladesh, Iraq;
• Africa - Ethiopia;
• mu America - Dominica;
• Oceania - Vanuatu.

Sezvo tinogona kuona, Republic dzeparamende, mazita izvo zvinosanganisira kunyika dzinopfuura 30, muri koshesa iri European nharaunda. Chimwe chinhu kuti pakarepo Anobata ziso - ruzhinji munyika idzi (kunyanya kana isu nezvazvo Europe) rinoreva mari yakatanga kubudirira mamiriro rurefu azvipire democratic kukura.

Kana tinofunga nyika munyika chepamusoro kubudikidza padanho hweruzhinji (sangano Economist Intelligence Unit), tinogona kuona kuti vari 25 inotaura kuti dzave paakavapa zvepamusoro mamiriro "zvizere kusununguka", nyika 21 - munhu zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende uye umambo. Uyewo, nyika idzi ndidzo vatungamiri vari chepamusoro ari IMF maererano paminiti capita GDP munyika. Saka tinogona zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti inonyatsobudirira uye akabudirira chimiro bhodhi (active nguva) vari chaiyo Parliament Republic.

The pamazita munyika kumusoro, uye zvinogona anomiririrwa zvinotevera mepu kuti zvokuvhoterwa dzeparamende akacherekedza orange:

"Zvayakanakira" uye "nezvayakaipira" nzira iyi hurumende

The chikuru zvakanakira zvematongerwo enyika ndizvo zvinotevera:

• dzeparamende maitiro anopa kubatana zvemitemo uye Executive bazi;
• vose Kuita hurumende, sezvo mutemo, vanogamuchira kutsigirwa zvizere Parliament, izvo zvinoita akatsiga kushanda yose ezvinhu hurumende;
• Izvi kuzvidzora hurongwa unokubvumira kutevedzera zvizere nheyo kumiririrwa National muhurumende.

Ikoko, vari Zvisinei, mune chinoda dzeparamende nekuipira kuti zvisina kukwana kubva zvemashoko zvematongerwo enyika. Chokutanga kusagadzikana pakati wemasangano mibatanidzwa, izvo zvinowanzoita kuti enyika nematambudziko (mienzaniso yakajeka - Ukraine kana Italy). Uyewo, kakawanda wemasangano hurumende kurega anobatsira kuti zviito munyika, kuitira kuti kuomerera Pfungwa mutsara wemasangano chibvumirano.

Chimwe chinokosha zvakaipira munhu zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende - ngozi usurpation simba muhurumende wehurumende kana paramende chokwadi, chobva zvatinosiita "tsika muchina" nokuti mitemo.

Next, funga peculiarities zvematongerwo enyika zvikuru nevanhu munyika chinoda dzeparamende: Austria, Germany, India uye Poland.

The Federal Republic of Austria

The paramende yeAustria anonzi "Diet" uye navabati vake vanosarudzwa kuti izwi kwemakore mana. Munyika paramende nechepakati - Federal mhosva Austria - ine makamuri maviri: Natsionalrat (183 wevatariri) uye Bundesrat (62 wevatariri). Uyezve, Diet wako ane neimwe pfumbamwe yeUnited mapurovhinzi Austria.

In Austria, vakanyoresa mapato chete anenge 700, asi panguva ino munguva iri muparamende yeAustria shanu chete navo kumiririrwa.

The Federal Republic of Germany

The paramende German uyewo kusarudzwa kwemakore mana. Inoitwa makamuri maviri, Bundestag, kusanganisira 622 wevatariri, uye Bundesrat (69 nhengo). Vevatariri of Bundesrat - ndicho vamiririri vose 16 munyika dzacho. Mumwe nomumwe ari yeUnited States kubvira 3 kusvika 6 nhengo muparamende National (zvichienderana ukuru Earth).

Muparamende yeGermany kusarudzwa sezvo Federal chanzera, uyo vakuru varikutonga bazi uye, chaizvoizvo, ndiye munhu mukuru ari mamiriro. Kubvira 2005, hofisi ichi muGermany anotora Angela Merkel - hofisi yokutanga hadzi Federal chanzera ari munyika kare.

The Republic of Poland

Polish Parliament Sejm ndiro zita, asiwo bicameral. The Parliament Polish ine zvikamu zviviri: zviri chaizvoizvo Diet, chine 460 vevatariri uye neDare, rinoumbwa 100 vevatariri. Saeima ari kusarudzwa Proportional Representation, maererano D'Hondt nzira. Panguva iyoyowo kuwana chete chigaro muna Diet dzeparamende vanogona kuva vaya vakagamuchira kanenge 5% mavhoti ari munyika vhoti (kunze chete vamiririri dzemadzinza vashoma kumapati).

The Republic of India

India aivawo zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende umo simba rose hunopiwa paramende uye hurumende, zvavakanga aumba. paramende Indian kunosanganisira vanhu Chamber uye Council of States - muviri kuti anomirira zvido munhu anoti.

The People House (Lok Sabha) wevatariri kusarudzwa nokudenga dzakakurumbira vhoti. Total (kufadza pasi Constitution of India) nhamba nhengo House of People - 552 vanhu. Upenyu ungano reImba ndiyo 5 makore. Zvisinei, Lok Sabha anogona zvichanyungudutswa neMutungamiriri weNyika mangwanani, uye mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu mitemo Indian anopa kuwedzera Chamber kuti gore rimwe. India rinotungamirirwa kwevanhu Chamber Mukurukuri pashure sarudzo yake chinzvimbo ichi vanosungirwa mubve mubato.

Tip States (Rajya Sabha) chakaumbwa zvisina kunanga sarudzo uye rinosanganisira 245 dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende. Makore maviri ose, kuti Kuronga Rajya Sabha iri yoku- pedyo wechitatu.

In mhedziso ...

Zvino iwe une pfungwa kuti zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende. Mienzaniso nyika rinoratidzawo nesu ichi bepa chena; ndiye Austria, Germany, Italy, Poland, India, Singapore, Czech Republic uye dzimwe nyika (zvachose - anenge 30 inoti). In mhedziso, tinogona kutaura kuti bato raitonga hurumende ine zvose zvayo zvakwakanakira uye ayo zvainovhiringidzawo. Zvisinei, nhasi mumwe zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende - ndiwo inonyanya vakarongeka uye inobudirira chehurumende munyika.