"Zvakaedza zvekare Years": mugore zvisikwa uye munyori

Kweanopfuura makore 900, vokuRussia vanowana ruzivo rwavo nezvenhoroondo yakakurumbira "zvakaedza zvekare Makore", musi chaiwo waakaberekwa kunyora izvo kuchiri kuzivikanwa. A yakawanda gakava ndiwo mubvunzo pamusoro vanonzi basa iri.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro ngano uye nhoroondo zvinhu

postulates Scientific pamusoro nguva kazhinji pasi kuchinja, asi kana mune wefizikisi, kemisitiri, zvipenyu, zvenyeredzi kana chimurenga akafanana dzesayenzi kwakavakirwa kuziva itsva chokwadi, nyaya haisi chete rewritten muchifarira nezviremera kana maererano chikuru dzidziso. Sezvineiwo, murume ano ane zvakawanda mikana pachavo kuwana uye kuenzanisa zvinhu pamusoro zvakaitika emakore akawanda uye kunyange zvemakore apfuura, uyewo tinyatsoziva maonero masayendisiti vasingateveri zvetsika. All pamusoro apa zvinoshanda zvakadaro zvinokosha kunzwisisa nhoroondo Russian gwaro sezvo "zvakaedza zvekare Makore", gore zvisikwa uye vakanyora iyo achangobva uchibvunzwa dzimwe nhengo masayendisiti.

"Zvakaedza zvekare Years": rakanyorwa

Kubva dzakawanda "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Makore" Musiki wayo anogona kuwanikwa chete pakupera XI remakore akagara Pechora wemamonk. Zvikurukuru pane zvinyorwa pamusoro kurwisa Polovtsy yemamongi ichi muna 1096, iyo pachayo akaona sahwira. Mukuwedzera, racho rinoreva rufu mukuru John, uyo akabatsira kunyora nhoroondo basa, uye akataura kuti rufu mumongi kwakaitika muna 1106, izvo zvinoreva kuti panguva iyoyo munhu akaita kurekodha mupenyu.

Russian pamutemo sainzi, kusanganisira Soviet, kubva panguva Peter Mukuru akati munyori yokufungidzira "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Years" - sahwira Nestor. Dangwe Nhoroondo gwaro anoreva izvozvo, ndizvo yakakurumbira Ipatiev Chronicle, zvakanyorwa 20-ies zviri XV remakore. basa iri zvinosanganisira yoga chitsauko rugwaro "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Years," izvo kunotangira kutaurwa sezvo munyori mumongi kubva wemamongi Pechersk. Uye zita Nestor yakatanga kutaurwa matsamba Crypt mamongi Polycarp Archimandrite Akindinov. Izvi anosimbisa "Upenyu St. Anthony", akambochera pahwaro Tsika dzevatungamiriri wemamongi.

Nestor sahwira

The "yepamutemo" munyori yokufungidzira "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Years" akanga somusande ne chechi yeRussian Orthodox, saka unogona kuverenga pamusoro muupenyu yavatsvene. tinodzidza kubva mumabhuku aya kuti Monk Nestor akaberekwa muKiev muna 1050-ies. Pazera remakore namanomwe akapinda Kiev Caves wemamonk, apo aiva ruzivo St. Theodosius. Pamusangano zvakanaka mudiki, Nestor akatora mhiko, uye gare gare vakagamuchira yokutsaurira mudhikoni. Kwoupenyu hwake yaaishanda Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: pano akanyora "zvakaedza zvekare Makore", gore pakagadzwa Hazvizivikanwi kuti vamwe, asi upenyu vatsvene uye yakakurumbira neMachinda Boris uye Gleb, uye basa, iyo inotaura pamusoro mangwanani vanozvinyima pakati wemamongi kwete chete. Zvinotisimbisa chechi Akaratidzawo kuti Nestor kwasvika akwegura akafa kumativi 1114.

Chii inoti "zvakaedza zvekare Years"

"Zvakaedza zvekare Years" - nhoroondo nyika yedu, kufukidza guru nguva span, chinhu chinopa akapfuma-siyana zviitiko. Zvinyorwa rinotanga nyaya November vanakomana, mumwe uyo - vaJafeti -dostalis munyika Kutarisira akadai Armenia, Britain, cheScythia, kuDharimatiya, Ionia, Illyria, Macedonia, Media, Kapadhokiya, Paphlagonia, Thessaly nevamwe. Hama dzakatanga kuvakwa mbiru Bhabhironi, asi Jehovha akatsamwa kwete chete kuparadzwa maumbirwo ichi, embodying kuzvikudza kwevanhu, asi akaparadzanisa vanhu "70 uye 2 vanhu", pakati pavo vaiva Noriko - madzitateguru of Slavs wakaburuka kubva Vanakomana vaJafeti. Humwe panotaurwa muApostora Andrew, uyo akafanotaura kuti pamahombekombe ari Dnieper richava guta guru, iro ndizvo zvakaitika apo zano Prince hama Scheck uye Horiv inotangwa Kiev. Pamwezve inokosha chokuita gore 862, apo "Chud, vokuSlovenia, Krivichi uye zvose" akaenda Varangians kuvati mambo, uye akauya pamusoro kudaidzwa hama nhatu Rurik, Truvor uye Sineus nemhuri uye anofungidzirwa. Vaviri vatsva boyars - Askold uye DIR - kutora nguva kubva Novgorod kuConstantinople uye kuona mugwagwa Kiev, akagarako. Uyezve, "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Makore", gore pakusika iro kare vane asi kujekesa, inotiudza rokutonga Oleg uye Igor, uye inotiudza rubhabhatidzo Rus. Nyaya inoguma zvakaitika 1117.

"Zvakaedza zvekare Years": nhoroondo chigadzirwa ichi

Nestorovskaya Chronicle chakazozivikanwa pashure Peter Mukuru muna 1715 akarayira kuti kopi pamwe Radzivilovskogo Pamazita mudura Koenigsberg raibhurari. Ponesai gwaro, achisimbisa kuti mambo afunge chinyorwa ichi akavhomora Yakov Bryus - unhu, zvinoshamisa munzira dzose. Akatambidza urongwa Radzivilovskogo mazita mumutauro ano Vasily Tatishchev, uyo akanga achifamba kunyora nhoroondo Russia. Uyezve, kudzidza yokufungidzira vaiita yakadaro anozivikanwa masayendisiti sezvo A. Shleptser, P. M. Stroev uye A. A. Shahmatov.

Nestor sahwira. "Zvakaedza zvekare Years": A maonero A.Shahmatova

A Kutarira chitsva panguva "zvakaedza zvekare Years" akanga aronga mukuvamba ramakumi remakore. munyori wayo aiva nomukurumbira musayendisiti A. A. Shahmatov uyo kunoburitsa uye isimbiswe "nhoroondo itsva" basa. Zvikurukuru, akataura mashoko achitsigira yokuti muna 1039 ari Kiev rakatenderera akasikwa Kiev pahwaro ari Byzantine yaMakoronike uye netsika dzemo, izvo zvinogona kunzi mukuru gwaro mhando iyi Russia. Panenge iyoyo yakanga yakanyorwa Novgorod Novgorod Chronicle. Zviri maererano izvi mabasa maviri 1073 Nestor pakutanga akasika vokutanga Crypt rakatenderera, ipapo rwechipiri uye pakupedzisira kuti "zvakaedza zvekare Years".

"Zvakaedza zvekare Years" rakanyorwa Russian mumongi kana muchinda wokuScotland?

Okupedzisira makumi maviri zvave vapfumi ose munhoroondo manyawi. Zvisinei, muna kururamisira zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti vamwe vavo havana kuwana uchapupu nesayenzi. Somuenzaniso, nhasi pane kudavira kuti "zvakaedza zvekare Makore", gore zvakasikwa zviri chete inenge anozivikanwa, chokwadi, kwete kunyorwa nguva pakati 1110 uye 1118 makore matanhatu emakore akazotevera. Chero zvazvingava, kunyange mukuru dzekare vanobvuma kuti Radzivilovsky Donongodzo t. E. A kopi zvinyorwa, izvo ndiye vanonzi Nestor, kwakaitika XV remakore uye panguva imwecheteyo yakashongedzwa vakawanda miniatures. Uyezve, Tatishchev akanyora "History of Russia" kunyange naye, uye pamwe raibuda basa iri uri mutauro wepanguva, munyori iyo, zvichida, akanga Yakov Bryus - muzukuruchibvi Mambo Scotland Robert First. Asi dzidziso iyi ndiyo isingambokwanisi chakakomba kururamiswa.

Nderipi musimboti basa Nestorovskogo

Nyanzvi vanodzivisa zvisina maonero mabasa anonzi akataurwa Nestor sahwira, tenda kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kupembedza autocracy sezvo chete chehurumende muRussia. Uyezve, chinyorwa ichi agumisa nyaya kuramba ari "vanamwari ekare", vachisimbisa kuti chiKristu sezvo chete chitendero chechokwadi ndiyo. Mariri, uye raiva kwayo chikuru chaizvo.

"Zvakaedza zvekare Years" - iyi ndiyo chete basa iri rinotsanangura dzakafuridzirwa shanduro Rubhabhatidzo Russia, vose vari chete kubatanidza kwariri. Izvi chete zvinofanira kuita chaizvo kuita kwayo pakudzidza. Uye "The zvakaedza zvekare Years", vane unhu vanogamuchirwa mumaonero historiography nhasi ari akabvunza, ndiye tsime rokutanga anotiudza kuti machinda Russian vakabva Rurik. For dzakaitika basa ose zvinokosha chaizvo zvisikwa musi. "Zvakaedza zvekare Years", iro rine chaizvo kukosha nokuda Russian historiography, hapana. More chaizvo, pari zvino hakuna hunogutsa uchapupu kubvumira kunyange tsanangurai imwe gore zvakanyorwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pamberi Zvakawanikwa itsva kuti mugogona anojekesa pamapeji yerima nhoroondo yedu.