Zvinetso zvemhoteredzo of kuChelyabinsk nharaunda. KuChelyabinsk nharaunda pamusoro mitemo dzezvakatipoteredza

Pane dzimwe nguva repakona akaisa kugadzirwa zvinyorwa, uye vakashamiswa chii mutengo ravanopiwa. Kudira tsvina murwizi, aisvuta nenyere kudenga, uye hapana. Chinhu chikuru - zano rakanga raitwa. Industrial emakambani ari kuChelyabinsk nharaunda, inova imwe dzakawanda dzakasimukira kuRussia, uye akapotsa haana kuteerera ikoroji, kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa nhamba dziri refu aenda vatungamiri. Somugumisiro munhangemutange iyi kuwedzera kugona kuChelyabinsk nharaunda apinda pamusoro munzvimbo gumi kupfuura yakasvibiswa weRussia. In kuera siyana akariisa pamusoro rechi73 kubva 82, ipapo pamusoro 84th 85, uye kunyange hahugari. Kuwedzera maindasitiri kusvibiswa, nharaunda inoderedza East Ural radioactive zvisaririra vasara pashure ari Kyshtym tsaona. Ratyama atinoitwa nharaunda mumakore 30 apfuura kwawedzera 3 kusvika nguva nhamba varwere kenza uye chisingaperi nezvirwere munharaunda anotambura ose wechipiri.

Hatigoni kutaura kuti Bazi Environment micheto havasi kuedza kugadzirisa dambudziko. Zviremera kugara kuzivisa chinhu mitemo yezvakatipoteredza zviri kuChelyabinsk nharaunda. Zvikurukuru, muna 2016 nayo yakabudisa chirevo itsva kuti zvichaita kusumwa kuti kwezvakatipoteredza basa zvirongwa vadzidzi, kuitwa kuchengetedza matanho zvakasikwa zvinhu, yakapa rubatsiro nokuti vanoona uye mabhizimisi. Rokuti Kuzadziswa Chirevo - kusvikira 2025. Uyewo, pane mutemo "On kwezvakatipoteredza zvichiongororwa", mutemo "On Production uye kuparadzwa Waste", mutemo "On zvikuru akadzivirirwa dzinongoitika zvinhu." Vanotyora mutemo pasi nezviyero muchimiro fines, uye kunyange kubviswa kubva muhofisi. Sezvaunogona kuona, basa kwezvakatipoteredza mumunda rinoitwa, asi mamiriro ezvinhu achiri akasuruvara.

Brief Historical Background

Kamwe kunyika kuChelyabinsk nharaunda vakanga zvinoshamisa akanaka, mvura yenzizi uye madhamu kuti yakajeka kwose kwose yaaigara zvinomera, uye vanhu vakararama maererano zvakasikwa. Pakupera rechi17 uyu munharaunda rwendo yasvika, asi havana kuwana chinhu chinobatsira. Pashure pemakore 70, zvaitora akadzokorora rwendo, chaisanganisira matarenda Vanodzidza. Vakakwanisa kuwana pano simbi esimbi kuti aiva pokutangira maindasitiri pakukura mudunhu. First akavaka chete chirimwa muna Zlatoust, uye pakazopera muzana remakore rechi18 paiva vanenge makumi matatu. Kunyanya guru-pamwero Kugadzirwa bhizimisi iri kuChelyabinsk mudunhu munguva kwevashanu rokutanga. Zvino reRussia simbi indasitiri unopinza ichi haana akaenzana. Pamwe non-ferrous simbi nharaunda unobereka 50% of zvigadzirwa anobudiswa munyika. Most maguta maindasitiri ose nharaunda, izvozvo Magnitogorsk, kuChelyabinsk, Zlatoust, Karabash, Miass, Troitsk, Ust-Katav, Kopeysk.

Short kuongorora makemikari

zvinetso zvemhoteredzo zviri kuChelyabinsk nharaunda inokonzera dzakawanda zvine chepfu mumhepo, nyika, mumvura nzizi uye madhamu. Most ngozi:

• Benzopyrene. Kusunungurwa mumhepo, pamwe mvura kana pachayo rakachengetedzwa pasi, kwainobva miti. Inogona -wedzera mumuviri. Chinonzi simba carcinogen, rinoita kunotouraya mu magene inoparadza DNA.
• Formaldehyde. Very chepfu uye putika. Chinokonzera zvirwere ziso, ganda uye tsinga.
• Rehydrogen sulfide. Shoma dose inobatsira, pamusoro mitemo zvinogona kukonzera kuda kurutsa, nomusoro, pulmonary edema, kunogona kutungamirira kurufu.
• Nitrogen dioxide. Chinokonzera nemvura inonaya iine acid, chepfu chaizvo, kuchinja ropa fomura.
• Heavy simbi. Kunetesa kukura kwevana. Inogona -wedzera mune miti, hove, nyama uye yehuku mhuka. Vanhu vanogona kukonzera kenza uye zvimwe zvirwere zvakakomba zvakawanda.

kuChelyabinsk mhepo

guta rino rakanaka inonzi guru Southern Urals. Nhoroondo yaro yakatanga kusvika 1743rd gore. All makore anenge mazana matatu kwakasimbiswa maindasitiri kugadzirwa. zvinetso zvemhoteredzo of kuChelyabinsk nharaunda vavapo maererano nokushanda Hofori maindasitiri akadai Ferroalloys (Electrometallurgical Plant), zingi Plant (CZP), chewaini-nokuchengetedza, Tube, muchina chokushandisa, Crane fekitari.

Kunze emakambani mamiriro ezvinhu Zvinoipisisa motokari. Muguta vanhu 1,000 (kusanganisira vacheche) Nhoroondo 340 motokari, choutsi kubva zviri 120 ths. Matani, kana 44% yakasviba zvose. Most zvakatipoteredza vanotambudzika vaiona Metallurgical Plant (CMP) chaibwinya mumhepo 46,6% vose zvinokuvadza. Nzvimbo yechipiri rakatorwa kambani "Fortum", izvo zvinosanganisira TSETS matatu uye TPP. nzvimbo Third ndezvevanhu CHEKM. In kuChelyabinsk mhepo panguva zvakabudiswa akaramba padzakacherechedza kakawanda zvakawandisa MPC benzopyrene, formaldehyde, senitrogen dioxide, rehydrogen sulfide uye phenol.

kuChelyabinsk mvura

zvinetso zvemhoteredzo of kuChelyabinsk nharaunda dziri kusvibiswa kwete chete mhepo. Enterprises muchetura uye mvura iri reservoirs. Mugore ukoshi murwizi vanenge mamiriyoni 200 m3 pamusoro nasties, kuvauraya vose vapenyu. The chikuru mvura tsinga guta - rwizi Miass. It anogamuchira untreated tsvina effluents 26 emakambani kusanganisira Kommunkhoz. In Miassa mvura inowanikwa 2-15 nguva MPC kumisa zvinhu, simbi, mafuta. Pedyo netaundi Karabash muna Miass River runoyerera sak-Elga, izvo, chokwadi, rava muteresi tsvina mvura. Panguva iyi kwezvakatipoteredza mvura Miassa kuona weheavy metal ions vanoumba kusvika 1130 MACs. Zvose izvi runoyerera kupinda Argazi Reservoir. Vagari kuChelyabinsk nharaunda uye utore mvura yokunwa kubva mumwe Dam - Shershnevskoye. Pari, Bazi Environment of kuChelyabinsk nharaunda, zvichiita kuyerwa, vakadzoka mumwe mutongo zvizere abvume dzemunharaunda mvura Dam iyi. Zvisinei, yakazvimirira basa zvipenyu kubva Moscow pahwaro yakayerwa yavo kuzivikanwa mitemo mismatch Shershnevskoye dura kunwa kupi.

kuChelyabinsk ivhu

Nevhu muguta iri zvikuru zvakasvibiswa. Vakawana Arsenic zvinopfuura ndozvakajairwa, cadmium, kutungamirira, uye zingi tigutsikane vakapfuura MPC kubudikidza anenge 20%. zvinetso zvemhoteredzo of kuChelyabinsk nharaunda pamusoro ivhu kusvibiswa, zvichiita hanya huru pakati vashandi zvokurima. Pari, uwandu nyika arable zvakasvibiswa inorema nesimbi, ndiyo 95,6 zviuru hectares. Saka benzpyrene dzakaonekwa kupfuura dzose mafuta 21.8 zviuru hectare -. 1.9 zviuru, zingi -. 12 zviuru, Arsenic -. 3.8 hectares .. Zviri nyore kufunga kuti michero nemiriwo kukura pamusoro munyika dzakadaro.

Anotyisidzira zvikuru ezvinhu pedyo kambani "Mechel", apo benzpyrene mune nevhu rine Kuwanda 437 MPC, uye pane chinhambwe 1 km kubva "Mechel" - 80 MPC. Uyewo dzinoparadzana nyika pedyo CHEMK apo benzopyrene 40 MPC uye CTZ, apo ichi ngozi depleting makemikari varipo 20 MACs.

Magnitogorsk

guta rino rine nhoroondo yacho kubvira 1929, apo pane yakavakwa Steel Works, kunyange zvazvo nhare Magnetic iripo kubvira pezana remakore rechi18. Zvino vhoriyamu okuwana Magnitogorsk inoremekedzwa yechipiri nzvimbo mudunhu. The makambani pakukura vari Simbi Steel Nemabasa (MMK), ejecha refractory Crane Plant, JSC "vanoungana", "Prokatmontazh", "Sitno", "Magnitostroy". Nokuda irresponsibility vatungamiriri ayo kutambura ikoroji kuti kuChelyabinsk nharaunda yose. Ratio CMI mune mhepo yakapoteredza maguta rasvibiswa ndiyo 96%. Kana iwe kuzarura zvazvingava ichi, mifananidzo vari kuwana dzinotyisa. Nerimwe zuva chirimwa inongorira matani 128 yakaisvonaka guruva 151 m. SO2 (ichi sarufa yakasviba). The rakatsetseka kwakadaro zvinhu aonekwa, kwazvo MPC 3-10 nguva kutungamira, mhangura, chromium, simbi, benzene, benzpyrene, toluene, uye utachiona mhepo dzose dzomumaguta munzvimbo. In nevhu Arsenic mitemo vakapfuura 155 nguva, nickel 43 nguva, 87 nguva benzopyrene. Kunze kweguta, mamiriro acho ezvinhu hakuna nani zvikuru. Pane zvinhu zvinokuvadza ari nevhu akawana 45 nguva kupfuura dzose "chete".

Zlatoust

guta rino rakaumbwa kufanana rokuvaka wokutanga mumunda metallurgia chirimwa, kureva, muna 1754, gore. Zvino pano tiri dzichiitika chikuru maindasitiri emakambani of kuChelyabinsk dunhu - uye Electro-zvokuimba Okugadzira, chombo fekitari, simbi zvivako uye vanopfuura gumi nevaviri nemagungano akaitwa. Pamwe chete, ivo emit vanenge 7,7 zviuru. Matani Zvinosvibisa pagore. Kubva 1993 kusvika 1996 makore, nemhaka kuitwa kwezvakatipoteredza choutsi yakaderera nezvikamu anenge 1.5 nguva, asi ari 2000 ivo zvakare vakakwira. City Zviremera kuedza kuvandudza nharaunda iyo yokunatswa rinoitwa muna Balashikha emadhaka dura akavaka sewers kunopfuura 2 km, akaronga ubvise mvura yakasvibiswa.

Karabash

musha uyu ndiwo musha vanhu chete vanenge 11 000. Kubva kuChelyabinsk kwaari yakarurama mutsetse zvishoma kupfuura 80. Karabash - taundi duku, saka havasi vazhinji maindasitiri mabhizimisi. Pakati pavo, 2 uye hasha chirimwa "Karabashmed". Inguva zvebhizimisi kuti kugadzirwa mhoni mhangura kuedza kwazvo kuti ikoroji pamusoro kuChelyabinsk nharaunda yaiva vakaipisisa munyika.

The chirimwa akatoedza kuvhara, nokuti gore, "anokupa" ose mugari matani 7 rwesarufa dioxide, riri zvikuru muchetura. Mumhepo, anouya mukati remubatanidzwa pamwe okisijeni, zvichikonzera nemvura inonaya iine acid kuwa. Zvino kuitika Karabash vaiona dzinonetsa. Around muguta, fekitari kwemakore akawanda akaumba mabasa tsvina gang inoungana kusvika 40 mamita. Panewo Bald Mountain, apo vagari vave anamira mashoko "Save uye Dzinodzivirira". A vakaparadzana dingindira - rwizi sak-Elga. Mvura yake tsvuku-orenji, uye nenyika iri bordered Mabwe yakaunyana namakemikari ngura.

mamwe maguta

A yakawanda zvezvakatipoteredza ndiro guta Ozersk, kutaura zvazviri, ayo kugadzirwa sangano "Mayak", iyo inobereka zvinoumba zvombo zvenyukireya nokuchengeta kuchengetera renyukireya mafuta. Zvisinei, The nemwaranzi pakanyorwa muguta avhareji kuRussia, chaibwinya nguva tsvina refu muna Techa murwizi vakashumira, uye mushumire nhasi irradiation mabviro kwemazana vanhu.

The kusununguka ezvinhu muguta Korkino uye mumusha Rose. Pano mhepo chepfu kusvuta kumbozorora. Chii kunakidza, penyanzvi emo yakanzi ezvinhu aripo haisi ngozi, uye dzinounzwa kuna chiutsi benzpyrene isingadariki MPC, uye vanachiremba kubva Moscow, uyo akatora kuyerwa, Korkino aiziva njodzi nharaunda.

Musapa zororo kuzviremera uye zvinetso zvemhoteredzo muguta Chebarkul kuChelyabinsk nharaunda. emakambani makuru zvidiki. Pakati miti izvi shlakoblochnogo, kondo uye chirimwa plywood rakanyorwa. By vanoshorwa zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu chakaita ino chaiyo chirimwa, zvinoshandiswa pezvakaitwa formaldehyde. Kana kutsva kana kuchengeta tsvina kugadzirwa formaldehyde anopinda mhepo, ivhu uye mvura. Kuyerwa zvakaratidza kuti mari akapfuudza vaifanira bvumidzwa wevasungwa munguva kakati.

nemwaranzi

Of Kunyanya hanya panyaya nemwaranzi muna kuChelyabinsk nharaunda iri Production Association "Mayak", riri, zvakare, muna Ozersk. In ichi inokosha asingashumbi kubva 1950 kusvika 2000-fung makore vakanyorwa 32 yedambudziko, waimira sezvo kuwedzera kumashure nemwaranzi. Long, zvose mwaranzi ine isotopes pamusoro strontium, necesium, plutonium, zirconium, kukandwa murwizi Techa, izvo zvakakonzera kuramba uchinzwa kurarama zvose pamusoro dzarwo. In yose, makore 50 kushanda (kusvika 2000) "Mayak" kunosora kuitika Billiard 1,8 becquerels pamusoro radioactive okunze, kusvibisa 25,000 km2. mvura kuti tsvina harwuwire murwizi, yakanga yakavakwa dzinoverengeka navatorwa, inonzi Cascades. Asi havaiti kuzadzisa mitoro nokuda kwokukanganisa pamasikiro. Uyezve, achiri anotakura nengozi East Ural radioactive zvisaririra, iyo yakaumbwa mushure tsaona pa "Mayak", kwakaitika muna 1957. Zvadaro, nokuda nokuputika rimwe pevhu kuvigwa nemwaranzi akasunungura mumhepo rakawandisa mamiriyoni 20 curies pamusoro radioactive isotopes, izvo chakakonzerwa namaneja mhepo akananga Tyumen pakati. Vanhu vanobatanidzwa gore nhau nharaunda, rakazogarwazve, pfuma yavo kuparadzwa uye akasika East-Ural Reserve ari yakasviba munharaunda. Pane achiri kusingabviri howa uye michero, hove, zvipfuwo zvigare, kunyange chete kufamba.

mhuri tsvina

Bazi Environment of kuChelyabinsk nharaunda arikutaura zvose matambudziko aya. Asi chikuru muguta kuChelyabinsk nharaunda ndechimwe chikuru tsime kusvibiswa - tsvina nenzvimbo dzokurasira. The Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri dambudziko iri kuvakwa tsvina kurapwa zvinomera. In kuChelyabinsk navo asi. All marara zuva nezuva, kutanga 1949, dumped mune landfill, riri muguta. Zvino ndiyo nzvimbo dzinenge 80 km2, uye kureba marara gomo zvinopfuura 40 mamita. Ose mabasa wavarindi vake chete kuitwa kuti kubvisa yakakura kudaro rine kusvibiswa. Gavhuna nharaunda akaita kuti yeUnited bhajeti yave dzinounzwa mabhiriyoni 1 rubles kubvisa landfill muna kuChelyabinsk, uyewo kunatsa mamiriro muna Karabash, Chebarkul, uye vanoverengeka dzimwe nzvimbo nharaunda.