A zvakafanana kuchiitwa gymnosperms uye angiosperms ndiko ... Zviratidzo gymnosperms uye angiosperms

Plants - rakanaka chikamu biomass yedu. Pasina pavo hwaizodai kuvapo chero mhuka kana notumwe, kana munhu. Zvakasiyana chaizvo, vane kusiyana zvinoshamisa zvipenyu uye kamurova ayo UKURU uye kunoshamisira. Zvisinei, kwete zvirimwa zvose zvakafanana tarirai. Kuva kunzwisisa nedanho shanduka kusanduka, akakwanisa kuchinja uye kurarama chete chinonyanya kuramba, zvakanaka majini akaronga. Chief pakati pavo, kuti nesimba muna nhamba, ndivo mapoka maviri. Zviri dzavo isu funga pazasi.

General zvechadenga chirimwa umambo

Mbeu Vanowanzodanwa zvipenyu kusangana dzakawanda nzira:

• risingaperi kukura kwoupenyu;
• Implementation pakati nedanho photosynthesis (autotrophic nzira simba);
• yakamisirwa nzira youpenyu;
• kukwanisa kusvina oxygen.

To musi, pane anenge 350,000 nhengo dzakasiyana paushe uhwu. Ivo chokuita zvakasiyana-siyana siyana uye adaptations kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aripo. Vose vari rakakamurwa mamwe mapoka uye taxa.

kupatsanura

Chirimwa umambo rakakamurwa subkingdoms maviri guru: achikwirira ezasi. Mumwe nomumwe wavo rinosanganisira akasiyana taxonomic dzakabatana akawanda:

1. Lower zvinomera vanomirirwa algae, izvo rakakamurwa makirasi. The musiyano mukuru - kusavapo muviri, kusiyaniswa dzomuviri.
2. Yepamusoro miti vanoumba zvinotevera mapoka: ferns, mosses, horsetails, tsvimbo mosses, gymnosperms, angiosperms.

Sezvingatarisirwa, mumwe nomumwe taxa izvi zvichiri zviumbu madiki mukati pacharo: makirasi, mirairo, mhuri, genera uye mhando. Kupfuura vakawanda uye chakatorwa kubva zvose - angiosperms, kana maruva zvirimwa. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisiri nguva dzose. Kamwe panyika yakanga hunodzorwa spore, ipapo - gymnosperms.

Pane zviratidzo gymnosperms uye angiosperms, hunoita kusiyanisa kubva vamwe uye kunzwisisa kuti chikonzero predominance pamusoro pevamwe vose. Ngationgororei navo zvizere pazasi.

Common zviratidzo gymnosperms

Dhipatimendi Izvi anonakidza uye zvikuru upenyu yose nyika. Gymnosperms inomiririrwa makirasi makuru akawanda:

1. Seed ferns.
2. Sagovnikovye.
3. Conifers.
4. Bennetitovye
5. Ginkgo.
6. Gnetalians.

Pamwe pane anenge 800 marudzi akasiyana. A zvakafanana kuchiitwa gymnosperms uye angiosperms Zviripachena mumatauriro rokuti chikabviswa: kuvapo mbeu, sezvamakaropafadzwa mudumbu. Zvisinei, zvakafanana chiratidzo anganzi musiyano, nokuti mbeu zvakasiyana.

A zvakafanana kuchiitwa gymnosperms (zvose pasina chaakasiya) anganzi kukura mbeu pakachena flake pasikweya. Saka, zviri zvakafanana akashama, kuti chaiva chikonzero zita dhipatimendi.

Munogonawo kunan'anura mashomanana zvinhu zvine vamiririri gymnosperms:

1. Pakati pavo pane chete pamiti, herbaceous siyana vari zvachose vasipo.
2. Vazhinji mashizha dzikwanise matete tsono, akafukidza gobvu cuticle.
3. Conductive maitiro aimiririra masero albuminoid uye nomusero sepombi, nemidziyo vasipo.
4. Dzisingaoneki immobile, akatakurwa nemhepo.
5. Plants dioecious (dioecious).
6. Muitiro wekusangana nembeu kukura kunotora makore maviri.
7. Endosperm mudumbu haploid yakatarwa okutodza, nekuti muchangosangana nyore.

Special kusiyana pakati gymnosperms Conifers zvasvika. Pavanondirwisa zvinoumba unorema miti mumasango dzakawanda redu. Mienzaniso zvirimwa aya:

• larch;
• nemisipiresi;
• spruce;
• mupaini;
• omusidhari;
• Thuja nevamwe.

Zviratidzo maruva miti

Chokwadi kuti vakawanda kuchiitwa gymnosperms uye angiosperms ndiyo kuvapo urume, razova chimwe nei maruva akawana mamwe kwakapararira. Pashure pezvose, havana yakavimbika kuchengetedzwa mbeu pericarp uye pulp muchero, zvichiita invulnerable kune mamiriro okunze.

Kuwedzera kune izvi hazvisati zvave ikoko uye vashoma zvinokosha uye zvinokosha maitiro angiosperms:

1. Pane zvakajeka kuvakwa kuitisa ezvinhu, rine midziyo.
2. Life siyana vanomirirwa marudzi ose; zvakasiyana siyana miti, nemiti uye nemiriwo zvinoita kugara panzvimbo ipi.
3. Double fertilization, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuumba triploid endosperm. Muitiro kunoitika nokukurumidza.
4. Pollination zvinogoneka kwete chete mhepo, asi tumbuyu, mhuka, uye dzimwe nzira yokuzviratidza pollination.
5. Chief rokubereka nhengo, zvichipa mukana makuru - ruva.

Ndiro gotwe boka iri shanduka nemashoko, maruva uye akakwanisa kuva kupfuura mberi uye vakawanda. nhamba yavo iri pedyo 250 zviuru marudzi. izvi zvose akava zvichibvira nokuda kuzviwanira uye kukura masero zvinhu zvinorondedzerwa ino.

Zviratidzo gymnosperms uye angiosperms zvakafanana

It vanowanzochema kuchiitwa gymnosperms uye angiosperms uyewo ndechokuti nokuti ruminant havafaniri mvura. Izvi chinosiyanisa kubva spore, izvo kubatsirwa pamusoro unyoro.

Uyezve, unogona kuona kuti pane zvakafanana chepfungwa ndiyo angiosperms uye gymnosperms Kugadzirwa vegetative nhengo yakanaka. Hunde, mashizha uye midzi zvinokosha muupenyu nhengo. Sezvo ari wokutanga boka zvezviratidzo izvi chechipiri kuoneka kwazvo uye zvakajeka.

Chimwe Kufanana - paumbwe guru dondo nzvimbo, vanhu mundima uye kutonga munyika kwemamwe zvinomera. Pachena uye zvazvisingarambiki mukana madhipatimendi zvose - the chokuwanziridza mbeu zvakanaka. Pashure pezvose, kana pane mbeu, ipapo mudumbu ane zvinokosha matura simba kokutanga pamberi kumera. Spore kwakadaro zvakwakanakira vasiri, saka mikana yavo yokupona kutapudzwa zvinoshamisa.

A zvakafanana kuchiitwa gymnosperms uye angiosperms ndiyo kukwanisa vaunze zvabuda. Pakutanga pasikweya pamwe mbeu, wechipiri - sezvo siyana sezvo manune uye yakaoma. Izvi zvinoita dispersal mbeu achishandisa shiri.

Kusiyana pakati gymnosperms uye maruva

Uyezve, pane kufanana uye kusiyana kukuru madhipatimendi ose muti umambo. Ava zviratidzo gymnosperms uye angiosperms, kuti kusiyanisa kubva mumwe uye tsanangura kuti nhamba ukuru mumwe pamusoro mumwe.

Unogona kunan'anura zvishomanana pfungwa:

1. Nguva pakusangana uye kubereka, paumbwe imwe nhengo itsva.
2. Nzvimbo mbeu chirimwa (rakazaruka kana yakachengeteka).
3. Kuvapo kana kusavapo dzakasiyana upenyu siyana.
4. The nzira pollination.
5. The ukoshi iri shanduka mhuka.
6. The chaivo basa zvakasikwa uye kukosha kuvanhu.

Phylogenetic kunyanya gymnosperms

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro pemavambo gymnosperms, zvakafanira kuti kureva Devonian nguva, ndiko, kutarisa anenge mamiriyoni 370 apfuura. Panguva iyoyo vakakwanisa ndokudzinga ari ferns, mosses, horsetails uye tsvimbo mosses, yakanga kuchikosheswa mamiriyoni akawanda emakore.

Chikonzero chikuru ichi - rusununguko kubva mvura munguva maberekero nembeu inotungamirwa. Nhasi, vakawanda kupfuura kare siyana yakatotsakatika gymnosperms, achiumba vanoshingaira kuchengeterwa kuti marasha. Zvisinei, paivawo zvakasiyana itsva siyana. Uyezve, kusvikira zvino anozivikanwa marudzi inoverengeka Pin, Ginkgo, zera zvemakore.

Panguva iyoyo, gymnosperms havana kugona kusika nokuti raivapo mhuka neshiri nechokwadi inowanzotorwa chikafu. Iri raiva rimwe zvikonzero kuti kunge wakashanduka-shanduka uye vakawana opportunists-flowered zvakawanda zvakapararira.

angiosperm phylogeny

Chikwata mudiki zvinomera, pakuonekwa iyo Mikoko kumugumo Jurassic kumwedzi. Advanced zvinhu isu ambotaurwa, akabvumira vamiririri dhipatimendi kugara ose okunze dzinodengenyeka uye kudzora.

Zvakakosha kuti pamwe chidzoke uye dispersal pamusoro angiosperms zvakanga zvakakwana dyisa zvose mhuka neshiri. Uye nhasi, vanhu havagoni kurarama pasina zvokudya dzinotipa zvirimwa izvi. Pashure pezvose, bota, miriwo, michero uye mamwe - zviri maruva. Naizvozvo, kwavari akatipa upenyu hwedu.

Kukosha uye chaivo basa zvinomera

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro kukosha madhipatimendi maviri, vanhuwo kuchiitwa gymnosperms uye angiosperms - kukwanisa kutakura kubuda photosynthesis uye kubereka hombe okisijeni nokuda afemeruke zvose zvipenyu. Uye Conifers, uye maruva zvirimwa kugara nzvimbo munyika hombe. basa rake nesimba havana kubereka kwete chete okisijeni, asiwo rishandise carbon dioxide, wokununura vanhu kubva girinihausi maturo. Ndivo Vanoburitsa makemikari nyaya. Pamusana mimwe miriwo zvipenyu panyika, saka kuti kuona basa ravo zvakasikwa kwakaoma.