Administrative pfuma - chii ichi uye kuishandisa bhizimisi uye zvematongerwo enyika?

Vezvenhau kazhinji kutaura nezvekushandiswa yaiona nepfuma kuvhoterwa. Zvinonzi nguva dzose dzinoongororwa sechinhu zvachose kunaka uye zvisiri pamutemo. Asi chii chinonzi mashoko administrative chinogona, ndezvipi zviratidzo zvayo, nhoroondo, unyanzvi? Tiudzei pamusoro Fani iyi, ayo unhu, ruzivo uye kushandisa nzira.

Pfungwa yokuti 'administrative zvinhu "

iwe zvisati vanokurondedzera, zvinokosha kunzwisisa Mabviro kwayo. Administrator - munhu Rinotarisira, mune dzimwe nzira zviri kureva kuti shoko "maneja". Pasina muna utariri pane zvakadai chinhu ive zvekuvaka maneja administrative. Uye mutsara uyu hapana kunaka semantics. Rinoreva zvichiita uye nzira kuti vawane utariri zvinangwa uye zvinangwa. Asi nhasi, zvakawanda pfungwa yacho administrative chinogona pfungwa apo kutaura zvematongerwo enyika uye sarudzo, uye pane mashoko acho anotanga nezvacho. Its kutaurwa maererano siyana kufanira simba panguva yesarudzo. Asi kupfuura zvavo chimiro administrative pfuma - zviri zvimwe nezvaanogona managerial kuita chinhu, kuzadzisa zvinangwa, uchishandisa managerial levers. Rinogona kushandiswa pachako kana voruzhinji zvinangwa zvavo, vanogona kuva zvisina kufanira, uye ipapo pane chokuita dzematare. Zviri mukati zvinoreva zvisina administrative zviwanikwa uye pane zvakanaka nezvacho, riri nevakawanda nhasi. The peculiarity yazvino kunzwisisa ichi chinoshamisa nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti zviri chete kushandiswawo vashandi vehurumende vanoshandisa huripo simba kuzadzisa zvinangwa ari Mupfungwa yakazara udyire.

History zviitiko

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti yaiona pfuma - ichi haisi Russian kuvamba, kunyange izwi akazviratidza munyika yedu. Muna 1995 Dmitry Olshansky, uyo akatungamirira Center for Strategic Analysis uye Zvaifungidzirwa, mukutaura kwake, akatanga kushandisa mashoko okuti kureva zvimwe mamwe makomborero kushandiswa mapato panguva musarudzo. Mutsara akanga pakarepo vakanonga nenzira venhau uye nhasi ichitova kujairana yakagadzikana mashoko. Administrative pfuma akazviratidza aine bureaucratic utariri maitiro, mamaneja vagara vakatsvaka kushandisa simba iripo kwavari kuita zvimwe zvinangwa, kunyanya pachedu. Saka, zvose democratic nyika kwave munhau dzayo, zvokukura paumbwe nesarudzo emuviri uye oedza kushandisa chinokosha utariri maoko. Uyezve, mune zvebhizimisi administrative zvinhu kubvira kare kuti zvimwe zvisingabatsiri. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti munyika yedu Fani iyi yakawedzera organically kubva Soviet murayiro-bureaucratic hurongwa management. Kwemakore 70 Vanhu venyika rinoshandiswa ndechokuti hurumende anovaudza uyo kusarudza, uye ichiri kushanda, pasinei chidzoke mikana for Democratic sarudzo. Vaongorori vanodavira kuti kwakapararira kushungurudzwa mikana aya musarudzo chokuita totalitarianism, kana zvakafanana siyana simba. Dzakabudirira kare akakurukura sarudzo kuzvidzora zvenhengo saka pane Fani iyi zvisinganyanyi kuitika. Uye munyika umo gutsaruzhinji achiri muduku uye isina, zvigadziriswe izvi asi.

Zviratidzo administrative zviwanikwa

Vatsvakurudzi haasati yakasarudza pamusoro zvinhu uye unhu chiitiko ichi zvakazara. dzimwe nguva izvi zvinotungamirira terminological kuvhiringidzika. Munyaya Mupfungwa yakazara, kuziva administrative zvekuvaka zvinogona anotevera chikonzero:

- vaanotonga chokuita hurumende chero sandara, vanoshandisa nzira uye midziyo wehurumende kudzora zvose matavi matatu hurumende kuti vawane zvimwe zvinangwa.

- nyaya pakutanga zvekuvaka kutsigira dzidziso uye nzvimbo nezviremera, mabasa avo vaipa maererano yakaderera majana yevashandi munyika uye kwenguva refu zvibvumirano. Civil varanda mamaneja kwenguva yakareba basa panzvimbo inokura-siyana, kwakaita izvo dzinoshandiswa kuzadzisa zvinangwa. Vanonzwa mumwe vasingarangwi uye chivimbo chokuti kubva muchina, havatongoregi siya, anogona chete kuva murombo ezvinhu vachinje mabasa.

- zvimiso kuvapo yaiona zvinhu chinhu kwesangano marongerwo hierarchical dzesangano apo wechikoro ane zvireruke pamusoro pasi, iye akasununguka kuti zvokuita navo. In akadaro hurongwa, kuti mamaneja vasingawanzotauri vane basa, vari chete kuita "kuda" nezviremera.

- Legislative noukama pakati vechikamu munyika. Orders hazvigoni kukurukurwa uye akabvunza, vanogona chete kuita. Naizvozvo, kuvapo yaiona zvinhu panguva musoro pave mumwe pfungwa madiro, pamwe nguva pane nyanzvi deformation, uye maneja sokuti kuti kurayira mumwe omurume kuita chinhu.

Izvi chete yokufananidzira mazita unhu vakadzidza pfungwa. In tsika, inokudziridza yakawanda maumbirwo uye dzakasiyana.

Mhando administrative zviwanikwa

Sezvo kushandisa mamaneja kusangana kwete chete mune zvematongerwo enyika asiwo mubhizimisi, pane matambudziko rakasikwa rimwe misoro kupatsanura pakati chiitiko ichi. Naizvozvo, danho rokutanga iri kupa mhando mbiri chikuru maererano yezvinoreva Implementation bhizimisi kana zvematongerwo enyika. Uyewo, administrative zvekuvaka inogona Classified nenzvimbo nhau. Muchiitiko chino, govera munhu munharaunda dzakapoteredza uye yeUnited kana senyika. Kupira uku administrative zvinhu kuri mumashoko ose mabhora: zvose zvematongerwo enyika uye basa. Zvinogonekawo kuvaka kupatsanura pakati nokure Kuzadziswa zvekuvaka, kureva. E. On pabazi nayo rikashandiswa. Kushandisa administrative nepfuma kuvhoterwa zvinogona kukamurwa zvinotevera mapoka: kutanga, nyoro, zvakaoma, uye zvachose kushandiswa.

Starter shanduro chinoratidzwa pakuti rine mumeso mukuru anoda kubhabhatidzwa nevanovhota ane mukana nekuvongwa ayo Endowment simba. Soft chitarisiko kunooneka pacharo mu isina kunanga kubatsira vavhoti uye pasi nechinangwa kusunda pavo achida chiito. Nokudaro, zvakaoma sarudzo - ndiko kumanikidzwa kana vimbiso mibayiro zvakakodzera. Total maonero manyorerwo pevatongi gadziriro, muchiitiko ichi, muranda hadzisi kupiwa kusarudza nzira. Okupedzisira maviri zvokusarudza chokuita zvinopesana yetsika dzemunharaunda uye mitemo ane hweruzhinji muvanhu.

Mutsvakurudzi A. Chuklin allocates simba, masangano budgetary mashoko uye mhando okutarisira kupfuma,. Vane ruzivo classifying kushandisa simba zvisina kufanira, zvichienderana kushandiswa siyana paruzhinji mari. Muchiitiko ichi tinotaura pamusoro pamutemo, masangano, informational, zvemari, zvemitemo uye uto chisarudzo. Vose typologies izvi hazvisi yemubatanidzwa uye anogona bindepinde pamwe chete.

Vanotongwa administrative zviwanikwa

Mutsvakurudzi Dmitry Paramonov ndiwo mazita zvinogona nyaya administrative mokuwana. Maererano naye, reRussia nascent nesarudzo utariri hurongwa, uye ikozvino pakuitika nechokuita yakawanda vehondo, imwe neimwe ine yayo simba rokuchinja nevanovhota uye Electoral Commission. Seinokonzera administrative zvinhu nokuda muongorori, ndivo vakapedza siyana zvikoro vebato, vakuru midziyo yeSoviet yaitonga, vakakwanisa kuchengeta kukurukurirana zvakanaka uye unyanzvi, mamaneja vamwe madhipatimendi ari dzekushumira akasiyana siyana, mudonzvo Sociological nokutsvakurudza nzvimbo, nyanzvi PR nyanzvi uye vanoshambadzira unyanzvi zvitinakire voruzhinji uye kuziva. Maonero D. Paramonov ane kodzero iripo, asi zvose zvakafanana zviri buda kunzwisisa. The chikuru nyaya administrative zvekuvaka vanhu, achitora nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kuhurumende.

Zvinhu kuti kusika pasi kuti vashandise yaiona zviwanikwa

tsika Russian kushandisa simba nokuda pachake zvinangwa ane midzi yekare. Vamwe vanowana yakatangira ari oprichnina Ivana Groznogo, vamwe vanoti mhaka zvose - serfdom. Zvisinei, zviri administrative kuwana musarudzo inoshandiswa kuvimba zvakadzama munzanga uye mupfungwa zvikonzero pamusoro, izvi zvinosanganisira:

- The uori simba. Machinda vakajaira kugara monetize nzvimbo yavo. Naizvozvo, havana tsika zvipingamupinyi, kana zvakakodzera, kuti vomanikidza vavhoti kana basa.

- Elite rangano. Pane pedyo ukama pakati Machinda yakasiyana siyana, uye vari "kubva ushamwari" vakagadzirira kubatsira mumwe kuita zvimwe zvinangwa.

- Kutya. Anokosha ikurudziro unhu pevakuru - ndiko kutya "kuvarwadza" mabhosi, saka zviremera zvomunzvimbo vari kuedza kufungidzira misoro uye chido chokuzadzisa kuda pachine yavo.

Administrative upfumi urongwa

Nhasi, kushandisa yaiona zvinhu zviri musarudzo - kupfuura anooneka chimiro kwazvo simba ravo machinda. Izvi hazvirevi kuti munzvimbo iyi kupfuura mberi kutyorwa dzakadaro. Simply ivo vava resonant uye kusimbiswa nguva, uyezve, rinopikisa uye dzimwe nhau kuramba anokwezvera izvi. Variants kupesvedzera migumisiro yesarudzo akaisa pasi mashomanana:

- Impact pamusoro nedanho paumbwe yesarudzo makomisheni. mamiriro avo akatanga vanhu pachena nekambani hurumende, izvo zvichakubatsira kuti zviito zvakafanira muna kosi musarudzo nzira uye kuverengwa mavhoti.

- The nezvainoita musarudzo. Election makomisheni vanokwanisa kuita manipulations nokuwanda vavhoti Somuenzaniso, nokudzinga akakwidzwa zvikamu masoja kana vasungwa. Kushandisa administrative zvinhu kuti sarudzo zvinowanzobatanidzwa rinogadzirwa makaseti mapepa anodiwa vakasarudza kubiridzirwa pamwe asipo mavhoti. Sangano mangwanani musarudzo nzira - uyewo mukana mukuru nesarudzo kubiridzira.

- Impact pamusoro rutsigiro mabasa. Nokufamba nhangemutange vakuru vanogona kupa anokosha mikana uye yakarurama kukwikwidza sroit zvipingamupinyi - kunaka. Zvingava, somuenzaniso, disproportionate kuparadzirwa pakushambadzira nzvimbo kana kunyange Vachinyunyuta neKusharwa kweVanhu kuti kukodzera evamiriri.

- Impact pamusoro mari kuti kuvhoterwa.

- Pressure pamusoro vavhoti. Rinogona kuva siyana, kubvira chiokomuhomwe kutyisidzira.

Mashandiro anoita mashoko administrative kuwana musarudzo

Pane tsika kuongorora basa yaiona zvinhu panguva kuvhoterwa chete kunaka. Uye pane tsananguro: machinda sei migumisiro yesarudzo uye kuti maturo vanhu kuda. Nevanovhota, kakawanda atarisana yokuti maonero ake hazvichinji chinhu, hauchafambi kuenda musarudzo, zviri apolitical. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi zvakare chinangwa nehurumende ano. Kana pasina munhu anouya nesarudzo, izvozvo havazofaniri nyepera chinhu. Asi sarudzo hadzigoni kutora nzvimbo pasina vanovavhotera, saka hapana zvairayirwa misangano hurongwa. Hazvishamisi State Duma rave akamutsa nyaya pakatanga fanira asvika pamusoro sarudzo kuti zvizvarwa zvose pasi kutyisidzira zvirango. Asi zvakaitika kunyika dzokuMadokero kunoratidza kuti administrative zvekuvaka kunogona Boon nokuda sarudzo. Unogona kuona kuti mune dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vane mabasa kuongorora pachena kuti sarudzo. Uye nyika ino, zvinoshamisa, anoshanda zvinobudirira.

How kushandisa administrative kuwana basa

Chinzvimbo inogona guru okuwedzera mari. Zvikuru kazhinji administrative zvekuvaka - inzira huchiita pane kufurira enyika zviitiko. Machinda vane mikana yakawanda kuwana muzvinabhizimisi kugoverana chikamu Purofiti, kana kunyange kumusiya. Izvi zvinogona kuva uori zvakananga nokuti chero chisarudzo vanamuzvinabhizimisi vanomanikidzwa kubhadhara chiokomuhomwe. Ndiro monetization pamutemo nzvimbo. Uyewo, bureaucrats mukana vanoedza kuti zvimwe zvisarudzo pamwero yakasiyana-siyana hurumende kuti vawane mubayiro wavo kupindura. vakuru vakawanda kubatsira hama neshamwari kuti kubata vakwikwidzi, kusanganisira kwako basa upfumi. Somuenzaniso, kutuma muzvinabhizimisi miedzo yakasiyana-siyana, zvichiita kuti zviome kuumba, uye zvichingodaro. N.

Asi pane zvakare administrative pfuma chacho, vane chokuita uori. bhizimisi ose zvinofanira akakwanisa, uye kazhinji hunoshanda musimboti kubatana murayiro, t. E. A pamusoro maneja anekodzero arayire munhu pasi kuita mamwe matanho nyanzvi kuti vabudirire inokosha zvinangwa kambani. Kana iyi kushandiswa zviri pamutemo uye zvetsika zvine nzira simba pamusoro mushandi, hapana kunogumbura kana pakuti ake pasi nezviito zvakadaro hakusi musoro. Pakadaro, ari administrative zvekuvaka - chirongwa kana sangano utariri nzira. It ibasa maneja kudzora pasi, kubvuma sarudzo uye migumisiro yazvo.

Tsika kwokushandisa administrative nepfuma kuvhoterwa

Nhasi vokuRussia vanogona kudzidza sei kushandisa mano vakuru musarudzo. Non-haibatsiri sangano "Transparency International" kunoramba mubasa musarudzo zvaakazvionera uye anofumura siyana zvirongwa pamutemo. Pakati pavo anogona kunzi zvigadzirwa akadai:

- Kumanikidza kubatanidzwa nesananguro vashandi masangano budgetary. Doctors, vadzidzisi, vashandi vane matare uye madhipatimendi dzekushumira vaite vauye musarudzo uye vanovhotera yakati mumiriri.

- kuita pre-musarudzo iri akaisa masangano akadai kumayunivhesiti, zvipatara, mauto anokwana zviyero, misangano pensioners '.

- The kushandiswa logistical vanokwanisa kukurudzira nevanovhota. Somuenzaniso, zvingava vakasununguka kukwira mabhazi kuti kuvhota nzvimbo, mharidzo kwezvipo kubva rokutarisira pashure musarudzo, racho kwedanidziro zvinhu tichiregeredza chourongwa.

Kune dzimwe nzira simba vakawanda zvichabuda musarudzo. Asi mubvunzo sei kukunda musarudzo pasina yaiona zviwanikwa, haana kupindura kudaro nyore uye pachena. Kune akawanda inopa nemauto siyana munyika sei kubvisa administrative zvekuvaka kushungurudzwa izvo chete inokura kubva sarudzo sarudzo. Chinonyanya kukosha zvimiso ndiko kukura yevagari basa nevanovhota. Apo vanhu vachange akawanda kuenda musarudzo uye kudzivirira kodzero pfungwa dzavo, ipapo vakuru achafanira kungwarira kushandisa zviwanikwa zvayo.