Aliphatic Mahydrocarbon - chii ichi?

Aliphatic Mahydrocarbon - iri Organic yeimwe vane mamorekuru ane zvisungo kuroorwa chete. Izvi zvinosanganisira alkanes uye cycloparaffins, zvinhu zvavo ichakurukurwa yedu zvinhu.

The vakawanda yokuita alkanes

Vamiririri mukirasi iyi vanoonekwa ne vakawanda payakavakirwa SpN2p + 2. By paraffins zvinosanganisira yeimwe zvose kuva cheni rakazaruka naro maatomu chokuita mumwe norudo kuroorwa. Nokuti kuti pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, aliphatic Mahydrocarbon ndiyo sekwaserera yeimwe, vanowana ravo zita "paraffins". Ngationei zvimwe STRUCTURAL zviri vamiririri mukirasi iyi, hunhu zvisungo zviri mamorekuru, kushandisa indasitiri.

tsananguro pfupi methane

Sezvo nyore mumiriri mukirasi ichi chinogona kutaurwa methane. Ndiye anotanga dungwerungwe aliphatic Mahydrocarbon. Kuzarura wayo nevamwe zvinhu.

Methane iri gaseous pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu fuma pasina kwakanaka uye ruvara. Mukomboni inoumbwa manyowa zvakasikwa pasina pamberi mumhepo okisijeni chirimwa uye mhuka Utachiona. Somuenzaniso, rinowanikwa negasi, zvisinei Pari kushandiswa akawanda ave mafuta ari kugadzirwa pamba.

Imhandoi kwemakemikari chisungo ndivo Mahydrocarbon iwayo? Aliphatic, vakaomerwa covalent Organic yeimwe vari polar mamorekuru.

The Morekuru ane tetrahedral chimiro methane Morekuru, mhando hybridization kuti kabhoni maatomu ari sp3, iyo unoenderana mutandavadze angled 109 madhigirii maminitsi 28. Chikonzero ichi, aliphatic Mahydrocarbon - iri mishonga sekwaserera yeimwe.

Kunyanya methane homologues

Kunze methane mune negasi uye oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo rine mamwe Mahydrocarbon, vane akafanana chivako naro. Wokutanga ina mumiririri homologous dzakatevedzana paraffins vari gaseous ezvinhu aggregation, vane pasi solubility mumvura.

With kuwedzera zvikuru kuti hama samolecular guru vakachengeta nokuwedzera kubika tembiricha uye kunyunguduka CxHy. Pakati nomumwe vamiriri nhamba pane musiyano CH2, unonzi homologous musiyano. Zviri pachena kusimbisa mukomboni kunofanira mutsara uyu Organic.

aliphatic Mahydrocarbon All - vari zvinhu zviri nyore soluble mune zvinoita zvokufembedzwa.

isomerism dzino

Nokuti vamiririri paraffins akawanda isomerism runozivisa carbon marangwanda. Akafanirwa zvichiita spatial yadzo dzichitenderera kabhoni Atomu makemikari kusungwa. Somuenzaniso, nokuti yeimwe C4H10 yeHydrocarbon sezvamunoita anogona kutora zvakananga kabhoni marangwanda - butane. Somunhu STRUCTURAL isomer kuita 2-methylpropane, ane mapazi marongerwo.

Typical kwemakemikari ehupfumi yo paraffins, zvakafanira kuona kuti kuzvitsinhanisa zvakaitwa. Saturation zvisungo anotsanangura kunzwisisa kwakaita kuita wayo yakakura mashandiro. Kuti vawane halogenated aliphatic yeHydrocarbon, zvinokosha kuitisa halogenation zvakaitwa, inoyerera pamberi UV mwaranzi. Chain nature nekuita uku kunoitika nenhengo dzose rakapihwa akatevedzana. The zvichiguma chigadzirwa inonzi denderedzwa rechiedza nomukaka. Vari zvinowanzoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri sezvo zvinoita zvokufembedzwa.

Uyezve, zvose aliphatic uye zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon apise pamberi reokisijeni kuti aumbe mvura uye carbon dioxide. Zvichienderana chikamu kabhoni iri Morekuru iri dzinounzwa yakasiyana yakawanda kupisa. Zvisinei vechigaro mukirasi Organic yeimwe, combustion zvose pezvakaitwa vari exothermic siyana zvinoshandiswa mumhuri uye indasitiri.

Kushanda ane methane uye dehydrogenation (rehydrogen abstraction). Somugumisiro iyi yakabereka acetylene, iyo inokosha namakemikari feedstock.

Kushandiswa alkanes uye chlorinated alkanes

Dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride - mvura akasiyana zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. Chloroform uye iodoform inoshandiswa mukurapa ano. The manyowa pamusoro methane mumwe maindasitiri nzira hwokubereka kabhoni dema, zvinodiwa zvaAtemisi zvokudhinda inks. Methane ichaongororwa huru kunobva makemikari bhizimisi iri hydrogen gasi kuenda kugadzirwa amoniya uye kwetunhu dzakawanda Organic zvinhu.

unsaturated Mahydrocarbon

Unsaturated aliphatic Mahydrocarbon - vari vamiririri vanoverengeka ethylene uye acetylene. Ongorora zvinhu zvivako zvavo uye kushanda. Nokuti alkene inozivikanwa nokuvapo miviri chisungo, saka kuti uwandu kuti nzira ane chimiro SpN2p.

Kufunga hunhu izvi unsaturated yeimwe, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti sei yeimwe: hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, gidrogalogenirovaniya. Mukuwedzera, vamiririri ethylene vanokwanisa polymerization. Ndicho ichi chinoratidza zvinovaita vamiririri kirasi vaizviti mune ano makemikari indasitiri. Polyethylene uye polypropylene - rimwe fuma vanoumba pechingoro polymer indasitiri.

Acetylene - the nhengo akatevedzana rine vakawanda payakavakirwa SpN2p-2 wokutanga. Pakati chinosiyanisa zviri yeimwe izvi nekusiyanisa pamberi chisungo katatu. Kuvapo Its anotsanangura chekubuda remubatanidzwa siyana pamwe halogens, mvura, rehydrogen halide, rehydrogen. Kana chisungo katatu muna yeimwe yakadaro iri wokutanga chinzvimbo, ipapo alkyne kunoratidzwa Qualitative kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro sirivha kunzwisisa munyu. Kwaniso iyi ndicho chinhu Qualitative maitiro ane alkyne, rinoshandiswa kuziva izvozvo admixture ane alkene uye alkane.

The anonhuhwirira Mahydrocarbon vari unsaturated cyclic yeimwe Zvisinei havana seva aliphatic yeimwe.

mhedziso

Pasinei kusiyana quantitative nziyo aivapo vamiririri yakazara uye unsaturated aliphatic yeimwe, vane zvakafanana yepamusoro chakarurama mamorekuru zvine kabhoni uye rehydrogen. Kusiyana quantitative nziyo (siyana mukuru Masvomhu) vamiriri yakazara uye unsaturated CxHy kutsanangura musiyano iri kuita zvigadziriswe kubereka zvigadzirwa siyana.

Ndokusaka nhengo mumakirasi ose yeimwe izvi kupinda combustion kumashoko kuumba carbon dioxide, mvura, allocating imwe yakawanda kupisa simba, unoita kuti mukurumbira ari mafuta muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye indasitiri.