Kuita zvepabonde mukupenda

Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18 nekutanga kwema1900, pfungwa dzechikoro neChiedza chakarega kukwidza uye kukosha. Nzira itsva mune unyanzvi iyo, mukupindura maitiro ezvinyorwa zvekugadzirisa zvekare uye tsika dzezvemagariro edzidziso dzeChiedza, dzakakumbira kune munhu, nyika yake yomukati, kuwana simba nekuziva pfungwa. Rudo rwevanhu rwakave rwakawanda kwazvo munharaunda dzose dzehupenyu hwetsika uye uzivi. Vaimbi, vanyori uye vanyori mumabasa avo vakatsvaka kuratidza hupenyu hwevanhu, hupfumi hwenyika yehupfumi, kuwedzera kwemanzwiro uye zvakaitika. Kubva ikozvino, munhu ane kurwadziwa kwemukati, kutsvaga mumweya uye ruzivo, uye kwete "mafungiro" ekubudirira kwepasi rese nekubudirira, yakava musoro mukuru mumabasa ekugadzira.

Kuita zvepabonde mukupenda

Kudzika kwepfungwa uye zvavanosangana nazvo pavanosangana nevadzidzisi vanobudisa mufananidzo wezvigadzirwa wakagadzirwa nemubatsiro wekugadzirwa, ruvara, zvinyorwa. Munyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzeEurope paiva nezvimwe zvakasiyana mukududzirwa kwezvifananidzo zvekuda. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemafungiro efilosofi, pamwe nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika-zvematongerwo enyika, kupindura kwehupenyu kwaive kuri unyanzvi. Painting yakanga isiri iyo. Yakaparadzaniswa mune zviduku zviduku uye duchies, Germany haina kumbova nehutano hwakashata, vanyori havana kuumba mhando dzakawanda dzinoratidzira ma heroes eTtans, nyika yakadzika yemweya yevanhu, kunaka kwake uye kukudzwa, zvido zvetsika zvakabvisa chido pano. Nokudaro, rudo rwakakwana kwazvo muGermany kupenda rinomiririrwa mumifananidzo uye nzvimbo. Mabasa aOtto Runge ndiwo mienzaniso yakawanda yeiyo mhando. Mumifananidzo yakagadzirwa nemufananidzo, kuburikidza nekujekesa kwakanaka kwezviso zvechiso, meso, kuburikidza nekusiyana kwechiedza nemumvuri, kutsvaga kwevanyori kunoratidzira kuratidzira kupesana kwehuunhu, simba rayo nekudzika kwekunzwa. Kuburikidza nemamiriro ezvinhu, chimiro chakanaka, chinyanyisa chemuti, maruva uye shiri, muenzi wacho akaedzawo kuwana hukuru hwehupenyu hwomunhu, kufanana kwaro nemasikirwo, zvakasiyana uye zvisingazivikanwi. Mumiririri akajeka wekuda kuratidzira mukupenda kwaiva muchengeti wemamiriro emarudzi KD Friedrich, uyo akashandura simba ne simba rezvisikwa, gomo, gungwa remahombekombe, rinoenderana nemunhu.

Kuratidzira muFrance mufananidzo wakagadzirwa maererano nemitemo yakasiyana. Upenyu hwemagariro ehupenyu, hutsinye hwehupenyu hwemagariro hwakaratidzwa mukudhindwa nemasikirwo ekutsvaga kune maitiro ezvakaitika uye zvisingambofungidzirwi, kufara uye "kutya" kunofadza, kwakagadziriswa nemavara akasiyana-siyana, kuratidzwa kwekufamba, kumwe kusagadzikana, kupesana kwehutano. Mhedziso yakakwana kwazvo uye yakajeka inoratidzika inowanikwa mumabasa eT. Gericault, E. Delacroix. Vanyori vakashandisa zvakanakisisa mararamiro uye chiedza, vachiita kurira kwekunzwa kwemanzwiro, kushushikana kwepfungwa kunobata uye kusununguka.

Kuratidzira muRussia mufananidzo

Chirussia mupfungwa yevanhu yakapindura zvakajeka kune zvitsva zvitsva uye maitiro anobuda muEurope. Kuchinja kwebourgeois, uye zvakare hondo neNapoleon, ndeyezviitiko zvakakosha zvezvakaitika kare zvakange zvakakonzera zvakanyanya kuongorori hwemafilosofi uye tsika dzeRussia intelligentsia. Kuratidzira muRussia mufananidzo wakamiririrwa mumhando mitatu yakasiyana- siyana: mufananidzo, nzvimbo, unyanzvi hukuru, uko kukanganisa kwechikoro kwaive kwakasimba, uye pfungwa dzepabonde dzakanyatsopindirana nezvidzidzo zvepamusoro.

Mune unyanzvi hwekufananidzira mukutanga kwezana remakore regumi nemapfumbamwe, kunyanya kwakabhadharwa kune chifananidzo chekusika intelligentsia, vanyori nevanyori veRussia, uyewo vanhuwo zvavo uye varimi. Kiprensky, Tropinin, Bryullov nerudo rukuru rwakaedza kuratidza kudzika uye kunaka kweunhu hwomunhu, kuburikidza nechitarisiko, kutendeuka kwemusoro, tsanangudzo dzepfeko yokuratidza chishuvo chemweya, rusununguko-rudo rwe "mienzaniso" yavo. Kufarira kukuru kunhu hunodiwa nemunhu, nzvimbo yaro yepamusoro muunyanzvi yakabatsira pakubudirira kwemarudzi ezviratidzo. Uye self-portraits artists haana kukwevera kurongeka, yakanga iri yekufungidzira kwekusika, rudzi rwekuzvidavirira kune vanhu venguva.

Nzvimbo dziri mubasa rekuda zvekuita zvepabonde dzaivewo dzakasiyana mukutanga kwavo. Kuita zvepfungwa mukupenda kwakaratidzwa uye kwakaparadzanisa mafungiro evanhu, nzvimbo yacho yaifanira kuva nehanya naye. Ndicho chikonzero vanyori vakaedza kuratidzira hupenyu hwekupandukira hwemasikirwo ezvo, simba rawo uye kupera. Mifananidzo yeAivazovsky, Orlovsky, Shchedrin inoratidza mhepo yegungwa, miti ine simba, makomo emakomo, kune rumwe rutivi, yakaratidza runako uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana-siyana, pane imwe, dzakagadzirisa mamwe mafungiro.