Anna Akhmatova: upenyu uye basa. Akhmatova: chikuru yemisoro okugadzira zvinhu

Anna Akhmatova, ane upenyu uye basa tichaita kupa kwamuri - ndiro chinyoreso zita uyo anosaina nhetembo dzake AA Gorenko. nyanduri uyu akaberekwa muna 1889, 11 (23) kuti June, pedyo Odessa. nokukurumidza mhuri yake yakatamira Tsarskoye tiiviste, apo makore anosvika 16 akararama Akhmatova. Creation (zvishoma) kuti nyanduri uyu zvichakurukurwa mushure Biography. First tinyatsoziva upenyu Anny Gorenko.

makore Early

makore okutanga havana hwakanaka nokuda Anny Andreevny. vabereki vake vakarambana muna 1905. Amai yakaendeswa Yevpatoria vanasikana kutambura kubva tibhii. Pano kokutanga nemamiriro upenyu kwakakomba wokumwe uye dirtiest maguta "musikana yomusango". Akanyatsoona rudo mutambo, akaedza kuzviuraya.

Dzidzo muKiev uye dzokurovedza muviri Tsarskoselskaya

Early pwere kuti mudetembi akanga paakavapa zvidzidzo muKiev uye Tsarskoselskaya dzokurovedza muviri. Boka rokupedzisira rakaitirwa muKiev. Pashure paizvozvo, mudetembi ramangwana akadzidza mutemo muKiev, uye philology pana St. Petersburg, musi University nokuda Women. In Kiev, akadzidza Latin, izvo akabvumira kwapera kudzidza mutauro Italian pachena, kuti verenga Dante chepakutanga. Asi Akhmatova kuti nyaya mumatare akarasika kufarira nokukurumidza, saka akaenda St. Petersburg uye akaramba kurovedzwa Nhoroondo uye mabhuku mapoka.

nhetembo First uye kutsikisa

Ndima yokutanga kuti achiri kuoneka kwechirwere Derzhavin, rakanyorwa wechidiki wokuchikoro Gorenko paaiva nemakore 11 chete. Muna 1907 sokuti bhuku rokutanga.

Muna 1910, kubva pakutanga kwavo, Akhmatova aigara anotanga kubudiswa muMoscow uye St. Petersburg magazini. Kamwe akasika "Shop Poets" (1911), mumwe anodzidza sangano, iye anoita izvozvo mabasa Munyori.

Marriage, rwendo Europe

Akhmatova munguva kubvira 1910 kusvika 1918 akaroorwa NS Gumilyov, aizivikanwawo mudetembi Russian. Naye akanga asangana apo kudzidza Tsarskoye tiiviste chikoro. Pashure paizvozvo Akhmatova akaita rwendo kuParis mumakore 1910-1912, kwaakabereka shamwari Amedeo Modigliani, emhizha Italian akasika wake mufananidzo. Uyewo, panguva iyoyo, akashanyira Italy.

Chitarisiko Akhmatova

Nikolay Gumilev akatanga wake kune chaiko uye zvinoyevedza ezvinhu, apo zita awana rayo mangwanani kukosha. Kwete chete nenzira enhetembo Anny Andreevny akava akakurumbira, asi zvaro chitarisiko. Akhmatova akarova vomunguva noumambo, regal. Iye akapa zviratidzo sezvo mambokadzi. Kunze maonero Nyanduri akafuridzirwa kwete chete Modigliani, asiwo vemifananidzo akadai K. Petrov-Vodkin, A. Altman, Z. Serebryakov, A. Tyshler, N. Tyrsa A. Danko (pazasi anouya basa Petrov-Vodkin) .

The muunganidzwa rokutanga nhetembo, uye kuberekwa mwanakomana

Muna 1912, rimwe raikosha nokuda nyanduri, zvakaitika muupenyu hwake, zviitiko zviviri zvinokosha. Published kuunganidzwa rokutanga nhetembo Anny Andreevny inonzi "Evening", iro akacherekedza basa rake. Akhmatova wakaberekawo mwanakomana, yemberi wenhoroondo, Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich - chiitiko chinokosha muupenyu hwake pachake.

Vanobatanidzwa muunganidzwa nhetembo kubudikidza mifananidzo epurasitiki inoshandiswa mavari yokutanga zvakajeka murwiyo. Ivo ndikapisira vatsoropodzi Russian vanoti kuti nhetembo, tarenda idzva. Kunyange zvazvo "vadzidzisi" vari vatenzi zvakadai Akhmatova Symbolist sezvo Blok uye I. F. Annensky, wake nhetembo chaionekwa kubva pakutanga ari Acmeist. Kutaura zvazviri, pamwe O. E. Mandelshtamom uye N. S. Gumilevym nyanduri pakutanga 1910 akanga chinoumba ichi vakauya panguva imwe kuitika idzva nhetembo.

Anotevera kuunganidza maviri, kusarudza kugara Russia

Ini vakatevera nezvechikamu chokutanga uye bhuku rechipiri iri vanoda "Ruzariro" (1914), uye makore matatu gare gare, muna September 1917, aiva dzakaunganidzwa "White Kuboka" wechitatu mubasa rake,. The October Revolution haana kumanikidzwa mudetembi kutama, kunyange zvazvo panguva ino, akatanga vakawanda kuenda kumwe. Russia akasiya mumwe pashure pomumwe vanhu pedyo Akhmatova: A. Lurie, Antrep B. uye O. Glebova-Studeykina, shamwari yake vouduku. Zvisinei, mudetembi akasarudza kugara "zvivi" uye "matsi" Russia. A pfungwa basa kunyika yake, asunga kunyika uye mutauro wokuRussia kwakaita Annu Andreevnu kupinda Nhaurirano here kusiya. Kwemakore akawanda, vaya vakasiya Russia, akaramba kuzviruramisa kuenda kumwe wake Akhmatova. With payo Anoti, zvikurukuru, R. Hull, akatendeuka Anne Andreevne B. Franck uye G. Adamovich.

Zvakandiomera nguva Anny Andreevny Ahmatovoy

Panguva iyoyo, upenyu hwake hwachinja, achiratidza chisikwa chacho. Akhmatova akanga achishanda muraibhurari panguva Institute of Agronomy, mukutanga 1920s akakwanisa kubudisa mamwe maviri muunganidzwa nhetembo. Ndivo "Plantain", rakabudiswa muna 1921, uye "Anno Domini" (mu mushanduro - "Mugore raShe", rakabudiswa muna 1922). Kwemakore 18 akatevera venhau haana kuzviratidza hunoshanda. Various zvikonzero zvivepo ichi: rumwe rutivi, ichi vaipfura NS Gumilyov, aimbova murume, uyo akapomerwa munyaya rangano pamusoro chimurenga; panorumwe - Kurambwa okugadzira zvinhu mudetembi Soviet kutsoropodza. Akhmatova mugove panguva iyi kutevedzerwa runyararo akanga achiparidza basa Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina.

aona Optina

Kuchinja "inzwi" rako uye "manyorero" Akhmatova vaisonganirana pakati 1920, aine kushanya muna 1922, muna May, Optina uye kukurukura Elder nekita. Zvichida, kukurukurirana uku vanofurirwa zvakasimba nokuda nyanduri. Akhmatova akanga rwaamai ukama pamwe A. Motovilov ari enyika ruzivo Serafima Sarovskogo. Iye akatora pasi kuburikidza nezvizvarwa rokudzikinurwa pfungwa chibayiro.

wanano yechipiri

The njodzi Akhmatova kutsemuka akanga chokuita neunhu V. Shileiko, uyo akazova murume wake wechipiri. Raiva musayendisiti-orientalist, uyo chaibatanidzwa tsika idzi nyika yekare dzakadai seBhabhironi, Asiria, Egypt. upenyu hwepedyo kuzvibatsira ichi noupenyu uye inodzvinyirira munhu haana kushanda, asi ayo simba anonzi Nyanduri basa rake kuwedzera kuchengeterwa manotsi kwouzivi.

Upenyu uye Works muna 1940

Inounganidzwa pasi unoti "Of mabhuku matanhatu" vachaonekwa 1940. Akadzoka kwenguva pfupi iri ano mabhuku panguva nyanduri, Anna Akhmatova. Upenyu uye basa rake panguva ino zvikuru zvinoshamisa. Akhmatova inowanikwa Leningrad The Great Patriotic War. Akanga akabviswa ikoko Tashkent. Zvisinei, muna 1944 mudetembi vakadzokera Leningrad. Muna 1946, pasi kusaruramisira uye hasha kutsoropodza, akanga adzingwa Writers 'Union.

Dzokerai mabhuku Russian

Pashure pechiitiko ichi gumi anotevera ari mabasa nyanduri yakati chete kuti panguva ino yaita mumabhuku mushanduro Anna Akhmatova. Okugadzira zvinhu zviri hurumende yacho Soviet aisafarira. L. N. Gumilev, mwanakomana wake, aishumira panguva chirango mumisasa yechibharo sezvo enyika wemhosva. Dzokera mabhuku Russian, nhetembo Akhmatova kwakaitika chete yechipiri yezana kuma1950. Sezvo 1958 muunganidzwa mashoko orwiyo nyanduri kamwe zvakare kutanga ichibudiswa. Rakapera muna 1962, "Poem Pasina Hero," nechekare zvakaberekwa kwemakore 22. Anna Akhmatova akafa muna 1966, musi 5 March. Nyanduri akavigwa pedyo St. Petersburg, muna Komarovo. Guva ngachipiwe pazasi.

Acmeism nemabasa Akhmatova

Akhmatova, ane basa zvino mumwe National nhetembo misoro, kuti bhuku rake rokutanga nhetembo vaiva Papera akanaka muchitonhorera, chete chete mutsetse muchishandisa pakanzi nayo: ". ... kudhakwa inzwi akafanana neako" Zvisinei, Mikhail Kuzmin, okutanga wake muunganidzwa ichi yakaguma mashoko anouya kwatiri muduku nyanduri, itsva, une ose mashoko kuitira kuti ave chaiye. Zvikuru akatara poetics kuti "manheru" yokungotaura chirongwa acmeism - zvinenge itsva mabhuku, izvo kazhinji anosanganisira poetess Anna Akhmatova. Zvinoratidza okugadzira zvinhu vazhinji hunhu zviri ichi muitiro.

Photo inopiwa pazasi zvakaitwa muna 1925.

Acmeism akasimuka ari pavakanzwa eChechi Symbolist manyorerwo. Somuenzaniso, nyaya V. M. Zhirmunskogo anozivikanwa mabhuku mutsoropodzi, pamusoro basa vamiririri ichi muitiro vanonzi sezvinotevera: ". Kuputsa Chirevo" Dalyam "nyika dzepepuru" rakavanzika uye ivo Akasiyanisa upenyu munyika ino, "pano uye zvino". Moral chinja uye dzakasiyana-siyana chiKristu zvatsiviwa matsva "tsika dombo haachinji."

Musoro rudo nebasa nyanduri

Akhmatova akapinda mabhuku remakore rechi20, anotanga muzvina, pamwe chinyakare dingindira World lyrics - dingindira rudo. Zvisinei, mhinduro yacho iri mabasa nyanduri ari unopfuura itsva. Akhmatova kuti nhetembo kure nekunzwisisa zvechikadzi nhetembo, dzaitaurwa remakore rechi19 nemazita akadai Carolina Pavlova, Yulia Yulia Zhadovskaya, Mirra Lokhvitskaya. Vari kure nokubva "yakanaka", Abstract lyricism chinoratidza rudo nhetembo ari Symbolists. Mupfungwa iyi, izvozvo akavimba zvikurukuru pamusoro mashoko Russian uye prose remakore rechi19, Akhmatova. Okugadzira zvinhu zvakanga groundbreaking. O. E. Mandelshtam Somuenzaniso, akanyora kuti mashoko acho vakauya kunzwisisa kwakaita Russian yokufungidzira remakore rechi19, Akhmatova. Rondedzero pamusoro pamabasa kunge kutanga chinyorwa ichi.

Mu "manheru" vanounzwa dzakasiyana guises Amorous manzwiro, asi heroine kwagara arambwa, atengeswa, kutambura. Chukovsky akanyora nezvazvo, kuti wokutanga kuziva kuti vari hatidiwi - Huchidetemba, ndiye Akhmatova (rondedzero pamusoro mabasa kwayo, "Akhmatova uye Mayakovsky", vakasikwa chete munyori, chabatsira zvikuru ayo kutambudzwa kana Ndima nyanduri kwete rakabudiswa). The rusina kukwana mberi Rudo vakaona kwaibva okugadzira zvinhu pane kutukwa. zvikamu zvitatu pachikamu vakadamwa, ukuwo, "Rudo," "Unyengeri" uye "neMuse". Kuputsika romukadzi uye runako zvabatanidzwa ari acho Akhmatova pamwe kugamuchirwa ake vakashinga kutambura. 46 nhetembo dziri muunganidzwa ichi, vanenge hafu chakatsaurwa nokukamura uye rufu. Izvi haisi tsaona. Munguva kubva 1910 kusvika 1912 mudetembi yavo nepfungwa kratkodnevnosti, aiva tatongerwa rufu. Pakazosvika 1912, mbiri nehanzvadzi yake vakafa tibhii, saka Anna Gorenko (Akhmatova, ane upenyu uye basa tiri kufunga) aidavira kuti zvinoitirwa zvinowira naye. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvina kusungwa, mukusiyana kune Symbolists, kuparadzana uye rufu ne kusava netariro, nokurwadziwa. Kukanganisika uku chamuita kuti ruzivo kwenyika runako.

Hwakapiwa mubhuku "Usiku" uye pakupedzisira akatora chimiro wokutanga "AKANAKA", ipapo "White rongedza" nevamwe zviri manyorero Nyanduri.

Vavariro nehana uye ndangariro

Nhoroondo iri zvakadzama yepedyo lyricism Anny Andreevny. Nechekare mu "pachena" uye "manheru" pamwe dingindira rudo, pane zvimwe zvikuru zviviri vavariro - hana uye ndangariro.

"Raiva Rakaoma Zvikuru Nguva", iro kwakaratidzwa mumhuri kare (yakatanga muna 1914, World Vokutanga War), rakaenderana nguva yakaoma muupenyu Nyanduri. It yakavhurwa 1915, tiibhii, yake mhuri nhaka chirwere.

"Pushkinizm" Akhmatova

Uyezve runogonesa vavariro hana uye ndangariro mu "boka White", pashure pacho inoshanda vari predominating. Wokufananidzira werudzii Nyanduri mumakore 1915-1917 iri Virtual. Inozikanwa vakatsoropodza ataurwa pamusoro "pushkinizm" Akhmatova imwe mhando. Chaizvoizvo wayo zvinoyevedza kukwana, kururama kwemashoko. Zvinonzi yakataurawo kuvapo "citationality rukoko" vakawanda rejisita nemadimikira vose vakararama uye vamutangira pamwe: O. E. Mandelshtamom, B. L. Pasternakom, AA Blok. All pfuma yomudzimu tsika nyika yedu yaiva shure Akhmatova, uye iye zvakarurama ainzwa mudyi wenhaka yake.

Subject kumusha pamabasa Akhmatova raMwari, chokuita Revolution

Vasingagoni asi kukanganisa basa zvinoshamisa zvakaitika yakararama Nyanduri. Akhmatova, ane upenyu uye basa vaiva yakaoma kuti nyika yedu, akagamuchira Revolution pamusoro 1917 gore sezvo idambudziko. The nyika yekare, muna zvaaifunga, pasisina. Subject kumusha muna mabasa Akhmatova raimiririra Somuenzaniso, mubhuku "Anno Domini". Chikamu anomuzarurira izvi wakabuda muna 1922, kuunganidza anonzi "Pashure All". epigraph mutsetse wacho akaendeswa bhuku rose "panguva makore iwayo nakisisa ..." F. I. Tyutcheva. Kumusha Hazvichaiti kuti nyanduri ...

Zvisinei Akhmatova chimurenga - asiwo payback kare upenyu hwezvivi, yaifanira kurangwawo. Regai lyrical heroine uye asingauyi kusika pacharo zvakaipa, iye anonzwa kuti rinobatanidzwa zvayo mhosva, saka Akhmatova kugoverana mugove akaoma vanhu zvavo. Nyika yokumusha nemabasa Akhmatova kuitwa kudzikinura pachake.

Kunyange musoro bhuku reshanduro se "Mugore raShe" rinoti kuti nyanduri anoona sezvo kwaMwari zera rake. Kushandiswa zvenhoroondo kufanana yemubhaibheri motifs anova imwe nzira kunzwisisa muri kuitika mu Russia. Vari kuramba Kutenga Akhmatova (somuenzaniso, nhetembo "Cleopatra," "Dante", "Ndima dzeBhaibheri").

Mashoko orwiyo nyanduri ichi chikuru, "Ini" panguva ino anova "isu". Akhmatova anotaura pachinzvimbo "vazhinji." awa ose, kwete nyanduri chete, asiwo vomunguva ayo, kuti zvaizova takarurama shoko nyanduri.

Ava misoro mikuru okugadzira zvinhu Akhmatova, sezvo nokusingaperi, uye ndizvo kuti nguva upenyu nyanduri. Chinowanzoonekwa zvichienzaniswa mumwe - pamwe Marina Tsvetaeva. Zvose izvi nhasi canons nevanhukadzi nhetembo. Zvisinei, kwete chete ine zvakawanda, asi anosiyana zhinji anoremekedza okugadzira zvinhu Akhmatova uye Tsvetaeva. The kunyora nezvenyaya iyi kakawanda kubvunza vadzidzi kuti vanyore. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinofadza raizoshanda sei zvisingaiti kuti kuvhiringidza detembo rakanyorwa Akhmatova, pamwe nemabasa akasikwa Tsvetaeva. Asi kuti ndiyo imwe nyaya ...