Budiriro iri chii? Features, features, kukura yebudiriro. Nhoroondo Russian budiriro, yokumadokero, kumabvazuva, ano. nyika dzomunyika

Nguva yose kuvapo kwevanhu, pashure rikabuda kuchangotanga, uye akasiyiwa tsvarakadenga kufinhikana panguva webako, inogona rakakamurwa zvimwe mumatanho, rimwe nerimwe richava refu-huripo nenzanga nyika uye vanhu vakabatanidzwa zvakafanana evanhu, tsika uye zvoupfumi zvinhu. Kwakadaro yoga atora dzakaitika munguva inozivikanwa se kwebudiriro achitobereka iye oga tinoberekwa maitiro.

Civilization sezvo zvakasikwa nhoroondo mberi

In dzidziso kupfuura mberi vamiririri XIX remakore hunodzorwa dzidziso nokudenga zvenhoroondo mberi. Hazvina kufungawo nomumwe zvinoitwa nomumwe nzanga, vakarondedzera zvinhu nedzinza ravo, zvakatipoteredza, mamiriro okunze, chitendero uye zvimwewo. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti vanhu vose zvinobatanidzwa rimwe mberi sangano. History of Marudzi vemapoka ayo nomumwe, rinenge yadzima kupinda necheseri.

Zvisinei, pakazopera ichi remakore dzakaitika netariro wakapinda kuchembera, uye akasvimha chokwadi chokwadi waifarirwa nhoroondo mberi. Akazviratidza, uye akawana vazhinji sevateveri dzidziso dzaibatanidza dzimwe mapoka evanhu pamwechete nenzvimbo zviri munzvimbo nekwavanogara uye ukuru kwadzakabva kwavari, uyewo maonero echitendero, tsika, tsika uye zvichingodaro. Pfungwa yokuti 'yebudiriro "kwava zvakawanda ano pfungwa.

zvichireva

Wakatanga akatanga kushandisa nevafungi zviri XVIII remakore zvakadai, sezvo Voltaire, AR Turgot uye A. Ferguson. Izwi rinobva muchiLatin "civilis", iro rinoreva kuti "hurumende yenyika." Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo akanga zvinomudzora ari siyanei, yakamanikana pfungwa pane ikozvino. Yose munhoroondo vanhu, vakabuda padariro noutsinye uye zvoutsinye pasina kupesana mukati vakaparadzana matanho, akasarudzwa sezvo Civilization.

Chii kwebudiriro mukunzwisisa vanhu ano, zvakanaka varehwa dzakaitika Chirungu uye nyanzvi Arnold Toynbee. Akaenzanisa mumwe muviri mupenyu, anokwanisa kuramba bereka uye zvakaitika nzira kubva pakuzvarwa kusvikira pakufa, nokuputsa nzendo yokuzvarwa, kukura, kubudirira, kuderera uye rufu.

A nzira itsva kuti kunzwisisa yekare izwi

Pakutanga ari XX remakore, budiriro ano kwave aionekwa mugumisiro kukura kwayo nomumwe omunharaunda masangano. In nemaonero masayendisiti vaiva peculiarities avo magariro evanhu, hunhu hwevanhu vanogara dzimwe nharaunda, uyewo avo kudyidzana mumaratidzirwo nhoroondo yenyika.

Danho okukura yebudiriro kunoitika marudzi ose pasina chaakasiya asi rinowanikwa kwose kwose nenzira dzakasiyana. Kumhanya kana tava kuderera kumhanya kwayo kunoenderana vakawanda zvikonzero, ramakagadzwa chinokosha vari kurwa, njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, zvirwere, uye zvichingodaro. A zvakafanana chepfungwa chidzoke kwenzanga ravo pokutangira ichaongororwa kuti kuchinja vekare vanhu achibva pakuvhima uye hove, kureva, kunwa kubva yapera chigadzirwa, kuti kugadzirwa kwayo, kureva kurima uye mhuka minda.

Zvakazoitwa zvokukura Kugadzirwa vanhu

Danho rechipiri, zvinosanganisira nhoroondo kwenzanga kunoratidzwa ne chidzoke zvehari uye kunyora kwake mangwanani uye kakawanda chinyakare siyana. Vose inoratidza kushingaira mberi, kuti kunosanganisirawo muvanhu. Mangwana Danho, izvo anofambisa mubudiriro yenyika iri kuva guta mutsika uye, sezvo zvakaita kuti humwe ndichibvunza kukura kunyora. Kwakavakirwa sei kutsanya kwakange kukura izvi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kupatsanurwa advanced uye shure avanhu.

Saka, zvose zviri pamusoro rinotipa pfungwa mukuru kuti nebudiriro iri mberi munhau, uye chii ayo chikuru zvinhu. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti munyika sayenzi hapana chete nemaonero pamusoro mubvunzo uyu, sezvo musayendisiti wose anoita yayo, dzavasinei nadzo unhu manzwisisiro ake. Kunyange panyaya kupatsanura pemarudzi pamusoro zvokurima, maindasitiri, uye anotungamirirwa dzavo nzvimbo uye zvaidiwa upfumi, pane zvakasiyana pfungwa maonero.

The chidzoke mararamiro ekare

Mumwe anokakavara nyaya ndiyo kuedza kumisa muronga yokuberekwa tanga dzomunyika nesayenzi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vakanga guta-in Mesopotamia, yakabuda mumupata Tigirisi uye rwaYufratesi, vanenge zviuru zvishanu apfuura. The chete nhoroondo nguva ndiyo chidzoke yebudiriro yekare muIjipita. Zvishoma Papera, zvinhu yebudiriro akatora vanhu vaigara India, uye anenge makore ane chiuru gare gare, iye akaonekwa China. Nhoroondo mberi vanhu kurarama munguva iyoyo muBalkans, akapa riwedzere nokuda chidzoke yekare Greek inoti.

Vose mararamiro ekare hwenyika rakamuka mipata guru nzizi dzakadai Tigirisi, Yufuratesi, Nile, Indus, Ganges, the yangtze, uye zvichingodaro. Vakadaidzwa "rwizi", uye munzira dzakawanda pakuonekwa kwakakonzerwa kudiwa kusika vakawanda kudiridza enyika pamusoro munzvimbo anorimwa. Chinhu chinokosha ndechokuti okunze. Kazhinji, okutanga anoti akamuka achitsva uye subtropical zvikamu.

Saizvozvowo, kukura yebudiriro kwakaitika mumhenderekedzo yegungwa munzvimbo. It akashevedzawo sangano rwakashodoka mabasa vakawanda vanhu, uye kubudirira wekushandisa vakabatsira pakagadzwa tsika uye dzaishandiswa ukama nedzimwe ndudzi uye madzinza. Yakatanga nemagariro Exchange, iyo yaairidza yakadaro basa rinokosha munyika kukura yose uye asingauyi rirasikirwe kwayo nhasi.

Kwevanhu rinopesana nechisikirwo

zvikuru ekare kwenyika rakavapo pane vagare pamwe dzinongoitika dzoga uye matambudziko anokonzerwa kwakaita nzvimbo yacho. Nhoroondo inoratidza vanhu havasi kubuda ukunde. Kune mienzaniso kuparadzwa pavanhu yose, uyo akawa nenjodzi nemafungu zvinhu. Zvakakwana kuyeuka Mycenaean nebudiriro akavigwa pasi madota rinoputika, uye ngano Atlantis, chokwadi kuedza kuratidza masayendisiti kuti vakawanda vakakurumbira.

Mhando kwenzanga

Typology kwenzanga kuti ndiyo nokupesana avo marudzi, rinoitwa, zvichienderana worudzii zvinoreva pfungwa pachayo. Zvisinei, munyika masayendisiti vanoratidzwa nemashoko akadai rwizi, gungwa uye gomo budiriro. Izvi zvinosanganisira ukuwo, Ancient Egypt, Fenikiya uye uwandu inoti Pre-Columbian America. Uyewo ari oga boka kutsungirira Continental kwenzanga izvo, akavapindurawo, vanokamurwa kupinda anongofamba uye ndakagara. Iyi inongova zvikamu chikuru typology. Kutaura zvazviri, mumwe nomumwe pakubhadhara izvi ane zvakawanda nemapoka mazhinji.

Historical zvokukura pokumuka munzanga

Nhoroondo kwenzanga zvinoratidza kuti yakatanga uye vakapfuura nguva kuvandudza, kunowanzoguma hondo dzokukunda semubairo iyo, oddly zvakakwana, nani utariri maitiro uye maumbirwo vanhu, ivo kusvika maruva avo uye kukura. danho iri hwakazara nezvengozi mumwe maonero kuti, sezvo mutemo, Qualitative nokukurumidza kukura kunotsiviwa pakuchengetedza vakakunda zvinzvimbo, izvo vanotozvikuvadza rinoendesa kurega kunotanga.

Kwete nguva dzose zviri akaziva noruzhinji. Kakawanda, zvinotora mamiriro akadai yakakwirira kwayo kukura. In tsika, ichi ichichinja enyika uye zvoupfumi, migumisiro iyo pane womukati pemhirizhonga Inter-hurumende rwisana. Kazhinji, ari kurega kunotanga chinopinda munzvimbo dzakadai dzematongerwe, tsika, upfumi uye chitendero.

Pakupedzisira, zvinoguma kurega kunotanga, kuparadzwa yebudiriro uye kuparadzwa kwayo. Panguva iyi, pane exacerbation evanhu uye enyika, kuti kuderera simba mamiriro ane nengozi. With zvisingawanzoitiki Kunze, vose varume kwenzanga vakapfuura nzira iyi minzwa.

Kunze zvingava marudzi iwayo chete uye marudzi kuti akanyangarika pachiso Pasi nokuda evasingatombonamati zvokunze, kwete nezvikonzero zvavasingagoni kuchinja. Somuenzaniso, nechisimba Hyksos akaparadza muIjipiti yekare, uye conquistadors Spanish hwogumisa kuti States of Mesoamerica. Zvisinei, kunyange vari muzviitiko izvi, kuitisa zvakadzama kuongorora zvinogona kuwanika okupedzisira nzendo upenyu akarasika dzomunyika chete zviratidzo kurega kunotanga uye kuora.

Turnover dzomunyika dzavo upenyu kutenderera

Nyatsoongorora kutarisa munhoroondo yevanhu, zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti hapasi rufu yebudiriro rinobatanidza kuparadzwa kwevanhu uye tsika dzavo. Dzimwe nguva pane muitiro umo kuora mumwe nebudiriro imwe nucleation. Chinonyanya unoshamisa muenzaniso Greek budiriro akapa nzira weRoma, uye yakanga yatsiviwa ano budiriro muEurope. Izvi zvinopa chikonzero kutaura nokukwanisa kwenzanga lifecycle inodzokororwa uye kutevedzera. Nyaya iyi ndicho hwaro kufambira mberi kwevanhu uye anopa tariro irreversibility acho.

Kuti muchidimbu tsananguro nzendo kukura vemarudzi uye marudzi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nguva ndima pamusoro haisi ose budiriro. Ndeipi kwomuzvarirwo nzira kare, somuenzaniso, mukutarisana dzinongoitika dzoga, ari nekubwaira kweziso anogona kuchinja mararamiro? Zvakakwana kuyeuka Minoan kwebudiriro nourefu kwechikuva uye kuparadzwa dzemabota pakati Santorini.

Eastern chimiro yebudiriro

Zvinokosha kufunga nezvokuti zvinoitwa nebudiriro kazhinji kuvimba ayo nzvimbo. Uyezve, zvikuru ane National hunhu hwevanhu anoumba vagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, mashoko East budiriro izere nemamwe, inoitika chete Features yake. Izwi iri kunosanganisira mamiriro riri kwete chete muna Asia asiwo Africa, uye zvakawanda Pacific.

budiriro Eastern wayo Murongerwo iri heterogeneous. Inogona kukamurwa kuMiddle East, vaMuslim, South Asian uye Indo-China-Far East. Pasinei munhu unhu neimwe, vanoita zvakawanda zvakajairika zvinhu kupa chikonzero kutaura rakabatana muenzaniso rokumabvazuva muvanhu.

Panyaya iyi, vanhuwo vane zvakadai vakakurumbira zvinhu sezvo simba risingaperi zviri bureaucratic vepamusoro kwete murimi mudiki munharaunda dziri ayo pasi, asi pamusoro private nemauto: pakati pavo navavezi moneylenders uye vatengesi siyana. mutongi mukuru wenyika nesimba ehurumende anoonekwa kupiwa naMwari uye vatsvene nechitendero. Zvinenge zvose Oriental budiriro ane izvi zvinhu.

muenzaniso Western munzanga

A mufananidzo akasiyana zvachose riri kondinendi European uye America. Western budiriro iri, pakutanga kwezvose, ari kuitwa zviri chigadzirwa, kubudiswa uye Kushandurwa nebudiriro akare, vakaburukira munhau. In kwayo zvombo zviri zvinodiwa zvechitendero akakweretwa kubva kuvaJudha, nhaka kubva Greek upamhi kwouzivi uye yakakwirira mwero sangano wehurumende, yakavakirwa mutemo weRoma.

All hwemazuva Western yebudiriro yakavakirwa pamusoro muuzivi chiKristu. On hwaro ichi, sezvo Middle Ages, akaumba munhu kunamata kwevanhu, izvo zvakazoita ayo kumusoro chimiro, inonzi Humanism. Zviri uyewo mupiro rakakura kuti kukura mberi dzokuMadokero zvenyika iri nesayenzi kuti zvakachinja yose nzira kwenhoroondo yenyika, uye Implementation kuti Kudya werusununguko enyika.

budiriro Western tinoberekwa rationality, asi, mukusiyana ichienda zveko, izvozvo kunoratidzwa kutevedzana pahwaro rakanga dzakabudirira masvomhu uye chepamutemo zvisingarambiki. Aivawo akava hwaro kukura pamutemo yechinangwa ehurumende. chikuru musimboti Its ndiye kutonga kodzero wacho pamusoro zvinodiwa rezvizhinji uye nzanga. Munhoroondo yenyika paiva kunetsana kwenzanga kumabvazuva uye kumadokero mharidzo.

Chiitiko wokuRussia yebudiriro

Kana ari XIX remakore munyika inogarwa necheSalvic marudzi, pfungwa kubatana pahwaro kwemarudzi uye mitauro munharaunda, okuti 'Russian budiriro'. kukurumbira Great aifarira pakati Slavophiles. Pfungwa iyi zvinotarisa epakutanga zviri Russian tsika uye nhoroondo, kunosimbisa musiyano yavo Mutsika East uye West, akaita staked ayo National mavambo angled.

Mumwe theoreticians wokuRussia yebudiriro aiva aizivikanwa wenhoroondo uye nyanzvi XIX remakore NY Danilevsky. Mune zvaakanyora, iye vakaprofita West kwapfuura, yake pfungwa, mashoko apogee waro kukura, pedyo kwezuva uye rufu. Russia, mukuona kwake, kwakanga mutakuri mberi, uye kuti zvaiva ramangwana. Under yake murayiro ose necheSalvic marudzi vaifanira kuuya tsika uye upfumi kubudirira.

Pakati vakakurumbira kwokufananidzira Russian mabhuku uye budiriro akanga vatsigiri vayo zamu. Zvakakwana kuyeuka FM Dostoevsky pamwe pfungwa yake "Mwari inobereka vanhu" uye kushora chechiJudha kunzwisisa chiKristu Western umo akaona kuuya kwaAntikristu. Newewo unogona kukundikana kutaura LN NdiTolstoy uye ake Pfungwa murimi mudiki munharaunda, zvizere kuvimba Russian tsika yacho.

Kwemakore kwete kuserera nharo pamusoro sei budiriro chokuita Russia, iine kuri pachena. Vamwe vanoti chiri zvokunze mavambo chete, uye ayo makadzika chiri nokuratidzwa pezvakaitwa pose. Vamwe pakuti ayo mavambo, zvinosimbisa mavambo Eastern, uye kuiona sokuratidzwa yokuMabvazuva necheSalvic munharaunda. Russophobes rambawo yokusiyana nhoroondo Russian.

A nzvimbo inokosha munhau yenyika

Achisiya parutivi muhurukuro, ngatiregei ona inozvikudza dzekare kuti vazhinji, vazivi, vafundisi uye vezvitendero zvose nguva yedu uye makore apfuura, Russian budiriro chinobviswa chose nzvimbo, sarudza pawo muboka rinokosha. Pakati pevaya wokutanga akasimbisa kusiyana nzira nyika yake munhau nyika vaiva nhamba dzakadaro vakakurumbira sezvo Ivan Aksakov, FI Tiutchev, A. Khomyakov, Ivan Kireev, uye vamwe vakawanda.

Panyaya iyi zvinokosha kucherechedza nzvimbo dzinonzi Eurasians. Izvi kwouzivi enyika mirayiridzo vakauya maviri remakore rapfuura. Maererano navo, Russian budiriro ndiyo musanganiswa European uye Asian zvinhu. Asi Russia synthesize kwavari, akatendeukira kupinda chinhu zvakasiyana. Mariri, havaiti kuburuka kuti nyore iine nokukwereta. Chete ari batanidza ezvinhu akadaro, muti Eurasians, uye zvinogona kunzi nhoroondo nzira nyika yedu.

Historical budiriro uye budiriro

Chii zvikurukuru vatora nebudiriro ndiyo nhoroondo kutaurwa zvinoita kuti kuumba? Inobva chokwadi kuti hazvigoni vemunyika munguva uye nzvimbo, kudiwa misoro kudzidza, pakutanga kwezvose, kuti wakakwana mufananidzo enhoroondo kwarwo. Zvisinei, nhoroondo hachisi chinhu kunofambira mberi, wakaiswa uye kuchinja chete vamwe dzimwe nguva. Iye nguva dzose kufamba. Saka, chero nokuongorora dzomunyika yose yakaita sorwizi - panguva kufanana wavo wokunze contours nguva dzose itsva uye nguva dzose akazadzwa zvakasiyana kugutsikana. Inogona kuva renguva inoyerera, akatakura mvura yaro zviuru zvemakore zvakawanda, uye anogona obmelet munyangarike kupinda chitete mhepo.