Chechi - chii ichi? Shoko "chechi"

Munguva dzekare, kusvikira XIII remakore, yokuRussia nyika, sezvo ndima mamiriro, rakakamurwa munyika, Township, nharaunda, uye zvadaro County, dunhu.

chechi

Earth dzakarongwa pasi pokudzora kutengesa maguta Russia. History unoziva Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslavskaya uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Chechi - a kweutongi, iyo nguva yekare pamazuva uye kugoverana redividing. Munguva Kievan Rus, pakashandwa chokubatanidza zvemisoro izvi kuva kusaroora.

Chii chinonzi yeko? Ndiyo duku yaiona uye miganhu chikwata muchikamu, izvo yaivapo mumazuva akare. Akanga zvakafanana kukosha kwakaita nharaunda. Town kana nharaunda dzimwe nguva rakaenderana miganhu yenyika, kana akanga ari pasitendi mumwe muchinda. Uye kazhinji chechi yaiva rwenyika. Somuenzaniso, nyika Kiev aiva akasiyana yeko, akadana seguta diki.

In Church kwechiSlavonic yeko vakanga dzimwe nguva inonzi zviremera. The zita "simba" aiva pfungwa enyika, izvo zvinoreva kodzero muridzi. A pfungwa zvaireva yeko ndima. Nzvimbo kwakafanana shoko "obvlast" uye rinoreva nyika iyo simba iri anoparadzirwa. mazwi aya vane anotevera tsika: simba inosvika muridzi, uye nharaunda - kodzero muridzi. Sei, somuenzaniso, anotaurwa muEvhangeri yaJohani - "achavapa ine mwana waMwari kuti ave oga." Chechi kubva 1861 zvakatangwa kuti marudzi ose varimi, saka kutaura.

mugove

In the Ancient Rus dzose vakapesana kupinda mumaruwa, zvigayo, uye avo uyewo - mumugwagwa, Township, mazana, uye zvichingodaro. Yemberi unowanzonzi nyika, iyo iri pekupedzisira pakati pavana. Nhaka - kubva shoko rakapiwa (mugove). Baba Vakagoverana pfuma yavo, uye simba vana vavo. chikamu ichi, riri kuwana chero mugari wenhaka neimwe.

Nhaka, akavapindurawo, rakakamurwa maruwa. County akadana administrative Pakutonga District. Mumaruwa vakanga kwete chete mumaguta asiwo mumisha, kana nyaya Kutarisirwa yakanga mumisha iyi. Mune dzimwe, zvikuru zvinonzwisisika, akataura County inonzi nezvakatongwa uye okutarisira vehurumende vari kugarwa. Akazobvunzwa chakazozivikanwa sezvo dunhu woruwa muguta kana musha. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, ruwa - yoruwa. On nzvimbo iyi katatu pagore kuti vatore zvipo mutariri. Izvi zvakaitwa muna yeko iri (kureva kuunganidzwa mutero).

mambo

nyika yose Russian rikakamurwa Little Russia uye Great Russia. Mazita aya mugumisiro the yakaitika XII-XIII emakore chokuita Russian vakawanda. The divi yose rworudyi Dnieper yakazozivikanwa seshanduro Little Rus ', uye kuruboshwe uye Volga - Big Russ. The simba guru rakanga okuremekedza akadai - Prince, Grand Duke, Grand Duke Vose Russia, mambo-mambo. Prince rinobva pamashoko German konung, kuning, shoko anonzi mumiririri mukuru simba iri necheSalvic nyika. Muchinda Kiev rinonzi Grand Duke. Pashure pezvose, vaiva machinda emunharaunda dzakasiyana maguta. Moscow pamadzimambo akavatora muzita musoro mambo. Izvi shoko rinobva rakapfupikiswa rokuti "Cesar." Chakasimudzira kukabviswa kunyora "Cesar" muna Old kwechiSlavonic.

Under mambo kunzwisisa simba mukuru simba yavabati emo. Panguva gavhuna wenyika Rus Tatar Horde madzimambo anonzi Tartar vatongi, uye ipapo, pashure pokuwa Byzantine uye Roman umambo, vatongi Russia akavatora rakajairika - Mambo.

Musoro wamambo akabva kunzwisisa ari mambo weRoma. Under mambo vainzwisisa yakazvimirira muridzi wenyika, iyo hapana aibhadhara mutero, haana kupa chinhu mushumo. Nemamwe mashoko - the autocrat, pakufambira pamusoro simba yokumwe.

mazita

Aunganidze pamwe Zano simba kuRussia, zvinokwanisika kuti funga mazita akadai kuti simba chaizvo. Prince akadana mutungamiriri boka zvombo, uyo akanga vakarinda Rus uye akapiwa mubayiro - zvokudya. Iri raiva chinzvimbo Chokwadi, vanobhadharwa. Asi Grand Duke pamusoro Kiev, haichawaniki nezvokuti munhu, uye mumiririri genus, iyo muridzi nyika. Pakupedzisira, mambo-mambo - muridzi Russian nyika, uye mukuru mumiririri zvose ramadzimambo Russia, uye mutongi mukuru.

vanoda

Kare Zvakaitikawo kuti sangano iri administrative muruwa vanhuwo zvavo, guru mutero Vanobhadhara, Vanonzvenga akatora nzvimbo maererano ehurumende mitero. Ndiyo musimboti pfungwa kuti yeko.

Vanacho vakabatana zvigayo uye yeko. Songaniro izvi hunodzorwa magavhuna uye volosteli vaiva pasi nechepakati hurumende. Asi, mukuwedzera, mune imwe neimwe chechi yaiva mitumbi yavo yokunyika kuzvidzora. Utungamiri yokunyika kwaiitwa nokupira magungano uye yevakuru. Mumwe chechi kanzuru yaiva meya kana kunoti kune salaried mushandi vanochengeta navo disbursements kwemitero uye mabasa akanaka. sangano rehurumende kwakadaro dzenyika mubasa zvenyika iyo-kurapa yeko neimwe kana chigayo. Ibasa yekwataigara mukuru waisanganisira utano richiona mitero uye mabasa, kugadzwa wakasununguka nyika itsva navatorwa, chikumbiro kuhurumende nechepakati zvinodikanwa yeko ake, mubayiro varimi makomborero kugoverana pakati mutero vose vaya vasingagoni kubhadhara, kana akadonha kubva yeko. Uye ndaifanira kuripira kutsigira itsva hwevanhu vaverengwe.

dzakaoma

chinhu akadai yeko, zvishoma nezvishoma, pamwe kukura munyika gavhuna, akatanga kufa. Vamwe vanhu Kirasi vakatanga kukumbira mambo zvakasiyana siyana zvinobatsira. Havagoni kutongwa kunze chakakura mhosva, uye vanogona kutonga vanhuwo zvavo dzavo. Nhaka muridzi, nemisha yaro yose secede kubva Township. mumaruwa izvi nemaruwa vaionekwa somunhu matare uye administrative dunhu inokosha. Asi, pasinei kugarwa yainzi parishes, zvakanga zvakakosha kuti sangano iri townships uye zvigayo zvichiri kuitika nokuda kuunganidzwa kwemitero siyana uye mitero. Nokuti kusarudzwa vakagadzwa kana nzvimbo akauya meya kana mamwe machinda, uye vaiita, kunyanya, kunyoresa mutero Varuki, uye chete sezvinei vakaita uye dare, uye zvimwe zviitiko mundima avakapiwa.

Peter I nguva

Nechekare panguva Peter I nyika vakanga rakakamurwa enyika, pamativi - kupinda mumatunhu uye mumaruwa kare - kupinda townships, kupfuura vabatana administrative marongerwo. Kokutanga kuRussia panguva iyoyo akaumba yunifomu hurongwa County-County-province. Uye kune vanhuwo zvavo vaiva Varidzi, townships nzvimbo maigara landlords 'Estates. Chechi rakaumbwa kubva pedyo kumaruwa. In kureba kwakanga kusina anopfuura 20 mamaira. Rural munharaunda vaivawo hurumende yavo. Akasarudzwa musha musoro, muteresi, uyo akashanda nedare munzvimbo idzi.

anozivikanwa dhorobha

Chimwe chezvinhu akakurumbira mafirimu "Ivan Vasilyevich Changes Basa" raiva Kemskaya yeko. In firimu, akati kuti mambo wokuSweden vaida kuwana Ivan anotyisa muguta. It riri muna naKemueri River bheseni, pamahombekombe eGungwa White. Chechi centre yaiva mutaundi naKemueri. Kamwe Kemskaya guta raiva yavo Marfy Boretskoy, iyo yainzi mudzimai meya Novgorod Guru. Gare gare akapa yeko yacho Solovetsky wemamongi. Panguva dzakasiyana, asi Finns uye yeSweden akaita kunoparadza vachirwisa guta. Asi ari Solovetsky wemamongi, wakati akarikunda, ipapo vakakwanisa kuvaka kujeri guru panguva uye panguva imwe chete akariita nenhare, iyo wakavanza yevagari pamberi kurwisa vavengi.

Aunganidze pamwe zvose kuti zvatakurukura munyaya ino - kureva, zvinoreva shoko rokuti "chechi", tinogona kutaura nehana yakachena kuti weboka nyika kupinda yaiona munzvimbo kwakakonzerwa pakutanga, muridzi wenyika, uye chepiri kuti yokuti idzi dzaifanira mitero uye zvakavakodzera. Naizvozvo, kuti zviite basa iri, uye vakagovana nyika yakasiyana yeko. Mavari, sapamazuva ruduku administrative chikwata uye yaiitwa muna achinyima mutero varimi. Chechi - iri, chokwadi, kumanikidzwa kubatana kwevanhu munharaunda munzvimbo kusiyana.