Chemical ehupfumi kuti alkanes

Methane aro homologs anonzi muganhu (yakazara) paraffinic Mahydrocarbon kana alkanes. Ekupedzisira-ainzi Organic zvinhu (kuva mukuru zvemakemikari payakavakirwa CnH2n + 2, iyo inoratidza saturation pakati mamorekuru, maatomu ayo dzaibatanidzwa covalent zvisungo nyore kabhoni-rehydrogen kana kabhoni-kabhoni) riri basa zvinoenderana International Nomenclature kwemakemikari yeimwe. Vane huru zvinyorwa zviviri: oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo negasi. Properties pamusoro alkanes mune imwe homologous ngaatevedzane nezvibereko mu Morekuru nhamba kabhoni maatomu kugara achinja.

Nhengo ina homologous dzino kutanga kare yakasimbiswa mazita. Mahydrocarbon, shure kwavo vari runotaurwa Greek sezviverengo nowakachenjera -imba. The hama samolecular kurema mumwe anotevedzana yeHydrocarbon rakasiyana yapfuura mumwe 14 amu ehupfumi zvokunyama zviri alkanes, akadai utsotso pfungwa (solidification) uye Kubika (condensation), kuti arambe achirema uye refractive indekisi kuwedzera pamwe kuwedzera samolecular uremu. With methane butane - magasi pamwe pentane pa pentadecane-mvura, uchiteverwa ari nezvishoma. waxes All vari vakareruka kupfuura mvura uye asingauyi kuiparadza mairi. For alkanes dzinosanganisira:

• CH4 - methane;
• C2H6 - ethane;
• C3H8 - propane;
• C4H10 - butane;
• C5H12 - pentane;
• C6H14 - hexane;
• C7H16 - heptane;
• C8H18 - octane;
• C9H20 - nonane;
• C10H22 - Dean;
• C11H24 - undecane;
• C12H26 - dodecane;
• C13H28 - tridecane;
• C14H30 - tetradecane;
• C15H32 - pentadecane;
• C16H34 - hexadecane;
• C17H36 - heptadecane;
• C18H38 - octadecane;
• C19H40 - nonadecan;
• C20H42 - eicosane uye zvichingodaro.

Chemical ehupfumi kuti alkanes vane yakaderera basa. Izvi nokuda hama simba vasiri polar C-C uye yakaderera-C-H zvisungo, uye saturation pamusoro mamorekuru. All maatomu chokuita nevanhu chete σ-zvisungo kuti zvakaoma kuparadza nokuda kwavo pasi polarizability. Atsamwira wavo anogona chete kuzadzikwa pasi zvimwe zvinhu, zviri radicals vari kuumbwa, izvo ndiwo mazita paraffinic yeimwe pamwe yokutsiva kuvhara. Somuenzaniso, propane - propyl (C3H7-), ethane - ethyl (C2H5-), methane - methyl (CH3-) uye zvichingodaro.

Chemical ehupfumi kuti alkanes vanoti pamusoro inertness pamusoro yeimwe izvi. Havasi vanokwanisa Uyezve siyana. Typical ava vari kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro. Oxidation (combustion) rinowanikwa chete paraffinic Mahydrocarbon panguva tembiricha yakakwirira. Vanogona oxidized kuti alcohols, aldehydes uye acids. Somugumisiro kreginga (urongwa chafariz cleavage pamusoro Mahydrocarbon) yepamusoro alkanes ari tembiricha kuti 450 kusvika 550 ° C anogona kuumba nomuti Mahydrocarbon pamwe yakaderera samolecular uremu. With zvibereko zveminda chafariz manyowa tembiricha inonzi pyrolysis.

Chemical ehupfumi kuti alkanes kuvimba kwete nokuwanda kabhoni maatomu ari Morekuru, asiwo chacho. zvinoitika paraffins All inogona kuparadzaniswa (imwe C atomu inogona chokuita hapana anopfuura maviri kabhoni maatomu) uye ISO-mamiriro (C atomu kunogona kwakabatana nevamwe C-maatomu mana kuburikidza Morekuru ichi ane spatial maumbirwo). Somuenzaniso, pentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane zvakafanana samolecular uremu uye makemikari yemaitiro C5H12, asi makemikari uye mumuviri zvivako vakasiyana: utsotso pfungwa kubvisa 129,7 ° C uye kubvisa 16,6 ° C, 36,1 ° C kufashaira uye 9,5 ° C, ukuwo. Isomers nyore kupinda nemakemikari rinopfuura nemamiriro Mahydrocarbon pamwe chete nhamba kwemaatomu C.

Typical makemikari ehupfumi kuti alkanes - a kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro, izvo zvinosanganisira halogenation kana sulfonation. Zvingaitwa kuiisa chlorine pamwe Paraffin achishandisa yakakura mashandiro pasi pokudzora kupisa kana chiedza wakadenha chlorinated methane: chloromethane CH3Cl, dichloromethane CH2Cl2, CHCl3 trichloromethane uye kabhoni tetrachloride CCl4. Kana sulfonation alkanes pasi UV chiedza, sulfonyl chlorides vari vakawana: R-H + SO2 + Cl2 → R-SO2-Cl + HCl. Izvi zvinhu zvinoshandiswa surfactant kugadzirwa.