Chemical eremendi gaba. Properties uye kushandisa gaba

Mumwe makemikari chinhu periodic ino, uye vakadzidza navo nyore uye kunzwisisa zvinhu nevamwe. Vane yakasiyana zvivako, uye vazhinji vari kuita mupiro pasina mubvunzo kukosha muupenyu hwevanhu uye kuvapo zvavo. No Kusara uye makemikari eremendi gaba.

Kusuma vanhu kuti simbi anodzokera kare. Izvi kwemakemikari chaikosha akabatanidzwa inokosha basa iri kukura yebudiriro yevanhu nhasi gaba ehupfumi anoshandiswa nevakawanda.

Tin munhau

The kutaurwa simbi iyi, iyo ine kutanga, sezvo vanhu kare vakafunga, kunyange vamwe mashiripiti zvivako anogona kuwanikwa eBhaibheri. Critical chokuvandudza upenyu gaba kuridzwa panguva "ndarira" remakore. Panguva iyoyo, vakawanda hunogara simbi chiwanikwa kuti vapiwe murume akanga dzendarira, rinogona kuwanikwa mune mhangura kuwedzera makemikari Kufananidzira gaba. Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, mashoko aya yakabereka zvose zvokushandisa uye ndokuguma pamwe zvishongo.

Pashure yawanikwa zvivako resimbi-netini chiwanikwa haichagona kushandiswa, Chokwadi, izvozvo rinoshandiswa kwete chete scale, asi ndarira, uyewo mamwe alloys zhinji varipo nhasi munhu ari indasitiri, ano uye mishonga, pamwe simbi munyu, semuenzaniso, akadai chloride gaba, izvo yaunganidzwa zvokuverengera mugaba kuiisa chlorine, mvura iyi mamota pa 112 celsius, tsime soluble nemvura, anoumba crystalline hydrates uye chiutsi mudenga.

Eremendi chinzvimbo Periodic Table

Chemical chaikosha gaba (Latin zita stannum - «stannum" zvakanyorwa chiratidzo Sn) Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev zvakarurama yakarongwa kuverengwa makumi mashanu ari wechishanu munguva. Ane isotopes akawanda, rakajairika - the isotope 120. simbi uyu muna huru subgroups rechitanhatu boka, pamwe chete kabhoni, nesilicon, germanium uye Flerov. nzvimbo yayo anofanotaura amphoteric ehupfumi, zvakaenzana yokusafa gaba uye acid, uye dzinokosha maitiro chichakurukurwa kurondedzerwa pazasi zvizere.

The Periodic Table zvakare rine mabhomba kurema kuti netini, izvo zvakaenzana 118,69. ² zvemagetsi configuration 5s 5p ² kuti murwiyo nezvinhu achibvumira kunzwisisa simbi ine oxidation kuomerera +2 uye +4, achipa mbiri chete maerekitironi kuti S.-sublayer kana mana uye s- uye p- nokuisa zvachose yose yokunze rukoko.

Electronic mamirire eremendi

Maererano mabhomba nhamba gaba maatomu perinuclear nzvimbo unotora kunongedzera maerekitironi makumi mashanu, vari akarongwa zvese mashanu, izvo zvinozoita akatsemura mumitauro sublevels. maviri okutanga vane chete s- uye peji-Sub-zvese, uyewo wechitatu pane rwakakoshwa kukamurwa kupinda s-, p-, d-.

Funga zvokunze Erekitironi pamwero, sezvo marongerwo wakazadza maerekitironi kusarudza makemikari basa atomu. Mugore unexcited hurumende chinhu akava Valence vaviri, pane kuchinja mune excitation ane Erekitironi kubva sublevel S-p kune shama chigaro Sub-rukoko (izvo ingasanganisira vaifanira matatu unpaired Erekitironi). Panyaya iyi, netini uye ane Valence oxidation mamiriro - 4, sezvo pasina aiwanzopiwa wokushanda maerekitironi, uye nokudaro ari kosi kwemakemikari kusakarongeka pamusoro sublevels zvavo hapana anobata.

Simple fuma simbi uye ayo zvivako

Simple fuma gaba chinhu chesimbi sirivha ruvara rinoreva fusible boka. Metal munyoro, panongova nyore amenable kuti deformation. Several yokusafa zviri zvakadai resimbi sezvo gaba. Tembiricha pazasi 13.2 Celsius ndicho muganhu kuchinja simbi gaba upfu nadzurudzo achabatsirwa kuchinja ruvara kubva sirivha-chena kuti wachena nyaya, uye kuderera kuti arambe achirema. Tin inonyunguduka pa 231,9 madhigirii, uye mamota pa 2270 Celsius. White crystalline tetragonal gaba simbi mamiriro anotsanangura maitiro pohrustyvanie apo vachikotama uye kudziyisa panzvimbo kubudikidza kukweshera inzwi sekristaro fuma imwe. Gray gaba ane cubic syngony.

Chemical gaba ehupfumi vane hunyambiri zvazviri, inopinda zvose acidic uye zvinokosha maitiro, achiratidza amphoteric. The simbi ikasakendenga pamwe alkalis, uye acids zvakadai sulfuric uye nitric acid, rinoshanda riri maitiro pamwe halogen.

gaba alloys

Sei anowanzoshandiswa pachinzvimbo yakaisvonaka simbi alloys neumwe chikamu ari constituent zvinoriumba? Chokwadi chokuti yokusafa ehupfumi ari chiwanikwa, izvo vasina munhu simbi, kana zvivako izvi zvikuru kwazvo (semuenzaniso, conductivity, kuramba ngura, passivation kana activation mumuviri uye zvemakemikari maitiro nesimbi, kana zvakakodzera etc). Tin (Mufananidzo unoratidza nzwisa akachena simbi) chikamu alloys zhinji. Rinogona kushandiswa chirungiso kana garo zvinhu.

Pari, pane yakawanda resimbi chiwanikwa, tini (nomutengo wavo dzinosiyana munzvimbo), tarisa zvikuru nevanhu uye rinoshandiswa (kushandiswa zvimwe alloys ruchapinda akakodzera chikamu). Kazhinji, stannuma alloys vane zvinotevera unhu: yakakwirira ductility, pasi utsotso pfungwa, duku kwoukukutu uye simba.

Mienzaniso alloys

• The chiwanikwa pamusoro tini nomutobvu nevamwe dopants (namavara akanaka, mhangura, cadmium, zingi, sirivha, indium) - anonzi mugaba solder, kuti chikamu stannuma imomo nokuda yakanakisisa chokuedza ehupfumi kunge 49-51 kana 59-61 muzana. Bond simba chendangariro paumbwe yakasimba mhinduro yakasungwa simbi hukawanika kuti gaba.
• Garth - imwe chiwanikwa kuti gaba, kutungamirira uye namavara akanaka - ndiyo hwaro typographical ingi (izvo Ndokusaka asina akakurudzira putira zvekudya mupepanhau, kudzivirira ingress kuti kuwanda zvisingadiwi kuti simbi idzi).
• Babbit - gaba chiwanikwa, kutungamirira, mhangura uye namavara akanaka - kunoratidzwa yakaderera kukweshera, mukuru kusakara kuramba.
• An chiwanikwa kuti indium-gaba - fusible zvinhu, zviri yokusafa refractoriness, ngura kuzvidzivirira uye simba guru.

Chinonyanya kukosha dzinongoitika yeimwe

Tin unoumba dzinotevedzana dzinongoitika yeimwe - ores. The simbi 24 siyana ane zvicherwa remubatanidzwa anokosha nokuda indasitiri ane gaba oxide - cassiterite nemajoko - Cũ ₂ FeSnS _4. Tin vakapararira panyika nechepasi, uye yeimwe kuumbwa navo, vane simba rinonzi magnetic mavambo. The indasitiri akashandisawo poliolovyannyh iine acid munyu uye gaba silicates.

Tin uye muviri womunhu

Chemical chaikosha gaba ndiyo zvikasawanirwa chinhu kwayo quantitative kugutsikana mumuviri womunhu. chikuru sumbu Its ari pfupa rinenge apo zvakajairika simbi kugutsikana hwezvekukurukurirana yakakodzera kukura uye ayo tikwanise kushanda zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. Kuwedzera mapfupa, tini inonyanya iri nemudumbu, mapapu, itsvo uye mwoyo.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyanyisa kuunganidza zvesimbi kungaita kuti vakawanda chepfu womuviri, uye zvakawanda kwenguva dzokupisa - kunyange kwakaomarara Gene kunotouraya. Munguva ichangopfuura, dambudziko iri chaizvo kushanda, sezvo zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza kunosiya zvakawanda anodikamwa. Yakakwirira ndingangokuvara kudhaka pamwe gaba vaigara mumaguta uye nzvimbo yakapoteredza pedyo maindasitiri Estates. Kazhinji chepfu kunoitika kuburikidza kuunganidza mumapapu netini munyu, zvakadai stannous chloride, uye vamwe. Panguva iyoyowo, zvisaririra chaikosha kushaikwa kungakonzera mumwe slowdown iri kukura, kunzwa kurasikirwa uye bvudzi kurasikirwa.

kunyoresa

The simbi iri kutengeswa muna zhinji simbi zvinomera uye makambani. It anogadzirwa muchimiro vara, tsvimbo, waya sepombi, anodes nyore yakaisvonaka fuma akadai gaba. Mutengo yemakomo kubva 900 kusvika 3000 rubles muzana makirogiramu.

Tin ayo yakaisvonaka chimiro haawanzopiwi kushandiswa. Yaiwanzoshandiswa alloys uye yeimwe - munyu. Tin solder rinoshandiswa nyaya chokuedza zvikamu zvisina pachena kuti mukuru tembiricha zvakakomba zvemaziso mitoro, akaita nemhangura chiwanikwa, simbi, mhangura, asi kwete pachii kugadzirwa kubva aruminiyamu kana ayo alloys. The zvivako uye maitiro netini alloys vanorondedzerwa kuMudzidzisi chikamu.

Solder rakashandiswa solder machipisi, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya uyewo yakanaka inobva simbi alloys akadai gaba. Photo inoratidza urongwa hwokushandisa munhu gaba-kutungamirira chiwanikwa. Kurishandisa unogona kushanda zvikuru mutete.

Nokuda kwayo yakakwirira nemishonga kuti ngura kuti gaba rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi tinned simbi (tinplate) - magaba kuti zvigadzirwa chikafu. In mushonga, zvikurukuru mune dentistry, tini zvinobatanidzwa nokuita mazino mumakomba. Tin-akafukidzwa brownies mapaipi uye alloys ayo anogadzirwa mabheyaringi. Anokosha mupiro nyaya iyi inokosha uye mune zvemagetsi mapurani.

Aqueous zvingaitwa vakadaro stannous munyu, fluoroborates, sulphates uye chlorides zvinoshandiswa sezvo electrolyte. Tin oxide - a kuri pachimedu nokuda Ceramics. By sumo kupinda mapurasitiki uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa zvinhu zviri nomukaka siyana gaba zvinokwanisika kuderedza flammability dzavo uye nevamwe chiutsi hunokuvadza.