Chii chinonzi muzvigadzirwa nzira? Description. pfungwa

Masayendisiti munyaya mukudzidza zveupfumi kukura marudzi, vakabvumirana kuti Rinodzika mafungu (mu dzidziso refu mafungu Kondratieff), kukura mwero anokonzerwa simba siyana zvinoita (tsika, zvematongerwo enyika, magariro evanhu uye vamwe), uye achidzinga simba okukura ndiwo mwero mashoko uye kwesayenzi mberi. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, iyo S. (ruzivo chimurenga) kunoitika zvinogara, Zvinonzi panguva imwecheteyo kwemakore anenge mashanu.

Dzidziso kwesayenzi hurongwa

Pane zvinogara shanu. In rokutanga chinozunguzirwa (1785 kusvika 1835 pamwe Yg) yakaumbwa nzira rwokugadzirwa kuti pachishandiswa zviitiko vatsva Whitehead Textile indasitiri, kushandisa mvura simba. The kutenderera wechipiri (kubvira 1830 kusvika 1890 Yg) iri chokuita kukura njanji uye zvokufambisa maindasitiri, zvokuimba kugadzira uchishandisa chiutsi injini. Wechitatu chinozunguzirwa yakanga wakadenha muzvigadzirwa ezvinhu kwakavakirwa kushanda magetsi. Panguva iyi (1880 kusvika 1940) rakati kukura magetsi bhizimisi uye rinorema mapurani. Chechitatu sefungu upenyu vakanga akatanga mapurasitiki, dzisiri ferrous nesimbi, ndege, neteregirafu, redhiyo, uye vamwe kubudirira. Uyezve, iyi yakatanga kuonekwa anovimba, cartels, guru yemakambani. Pamisika zvakanzi kuzivikanwa gospodstvovanie nevhu rakawandisa uye oligopolies, akatanga kuunganidza mari uye rwezvemabhengi guru.

Wechina kutenderera

The 4th sefungu muzvigadzirwa mamiriro rakaumbwa, iyo yakavakirwa haizopereri kukura simba nokushandiswa zvigadzirwa mafuta, mafuta, kutaura, gasi, zvombo, ndege, nematarakita anofamba uye vamwe. Munguva kubva 1930 kusvika 1990, zvakanga akacherechedza makombiyuta kwakapararira software, radar. Vakatanga kushandisa atomu - muchiuto uye kuti zvinangwa rugare. Takatanga kubuda dzinza uye nemakambani nemakambani vaiita zvakananga mubhizimisi pamisika munyika dzakasiyana. Nokuti rechishanu chinozunguzirwa kunoratidzwa ikumikidzo kuitika mune kombiyuta sainzi, microelectronics, kuvabereki engineering, hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu, Satellite ei, marudzi akasiyana-siyana simba. Kubva weboka kwekambani zvaitambidzwa paumbwe rakabatana richikurukura makambani makuru uye diki, nesungano pakati iyo chinosimbiswa achishandisa Indaneti. nguva ino (1985 kusvika ra2035) inozivikanwa maronga, unhu kuzvidzora, Nokuraramisa, zvokuvakisa sangano maererano nheyo "nenguva". Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti makore ya wacho mafungu zvishoma kupfuura makumi mashanu. Izvi imhaka Zvakangoitikawo kuti nguva kudzikira ushamwari mararamiro mutsva nguva kunoita. Kumhanyisa pakati NTP achabatsira mune ramangwana kuderedza urefu remafungu.

Wave wechishanu. Features nezvazvakaipira

Pfungwa yacho muzvigadzirwa kuti ikozvino zvinosanganisira akawanda zvinoriumba. Huru zvinhu zviri kuonekwa chinoumba, kiyi chinhu. Sezvo panozogadzirika murevereri zvemagetsi, software, kadambari, foni, uye dzimwe nokubudirira nesayenzi yemazuva ano. microelectronic zvinoriumba vanoonekwa kuti chinhu chinokosha. Zvichienzaniswa yapfuura (wechina) wechishanu rwokugadzira maumbirwo kwakavakirwa individualization kuti kuparadzwa uye kugadzirwa, kuwedzera chigadzirwa siyana, kukunda zvezvakatipoteredza constraints nokuda maindasitiri kushandisa michina, uye zvichingodaro.