Vana Catherine Guru. The Board uye upenyu pachedu Catherine Guru

Russian Empress Catherine II, anonziwo Mukuru, akatonga kubvira 1762, gore 1796-ndipo. Nokuedza ave yekudyidzana akawedzera Russian Empire, anenge yekudyidzana nani basa maitiro uye nesimba vakatevera mumwe mutemo Westernization, anoreva nedanho yezwi pfungwa dzokuMadokero uye tsika. Mumazuva Catherine Guru raMwari Russia rava nyika nani guru. Zvinogona kukwikwidzana masimba makuru Europe uye Asia.

Childhood ramangwana Empress huru

Catherine II, akaberekwa Sophia Friederike Auguste, akaberekwa musi waApril 21, 1729 duku kwavabati German muguta Stettin, Prussia (zvino Shetsin, Poland). baba vake Christian August pakati Anhalt-Zerbst aiva muchinda kaduku muridzi. Military basa akaita panguva Frederick William Wokutanga.

Mother Catherine - Princess Elizaveta Golshteyn-Gottorp. Vabereki vomusikana taivimba chitarisiko wenhaka, uye saka haana kuratidza chinokosha rudo mwanasikana wake. Asi, ivo vakawanda nguva uye simba inopedzerwa mwanakomana wake William, uyo, zvinosuwisa, akazofa ava nemakore gumi nemaviri.

Education uye napedyo kuti governess

Somwana, remangwana Catherine II akanga pedyo zvikuru governess wake Babette. Zvadaro, mukuru Empress nguva dzose noushamwari pamusoro wake. Vakadzidza vasikana yaiva iwayo nyaya kuti iye zvaidikanwa pamusoro chinzvimbo uye mavambo. Icho chitendero (Lutheranism), nhoroondo, French, German uye kunyange Russian, iyo inobatsira chaizvo pashure. Uye, chokwadi, mumhanzi.

Saka akapedza wake muduku Ekaterina Velikaya. Muchidimbu kurondedzera makore ake pamba, tinogona kutaura kuti hapana kujairika pamusoro musikana vasingagoni zvaitika. Life kukura Catherine airatidzika hakunakidzi kwazvo, uye iye haana kuziva panguva kuti pamberi kwake kumirira inonakidza uchinzvera - rwendo kumucheto kure ari shure.

Pandakangosvika Russia, kana kutanga upenyu hwemhuri

Kamwe Catherine akakura, amai vakaona ari mwanasikana kutama zvinoreva chinzvimbo chakakwirira uye kuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu mumhuri. Akanga yakawanda hama, uye vakabatsira kuita anotsvakisisa yakakodzera nomuroori. Panguva iyoyo upenyu Catherine Mukuru akanga zvokuti monotonous kuti iye akaona Kusaona kuroorana kwazvo nzira kutiza raamai kuzvidzora.

Apo Catherine aiva gumi, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna apinde Russian, saka aigona kuva mudzimai wenhaka pachigaro - Mukuru Duke Peter III. Akanga saibva uye obnoxious wechiduku gumi namatanhatu. Paakangowana akasvika Russia, pakarepo iye akarwara pleurisy, izvo akapotsa afa.

Elizabeth akapukunyuka kuvonga kakawanda ropa, iro vakasimbirira Elizaveta Petrovna. Asi amai vake kwaipesana tsika iyi, uye nokuda kuti wakawira kunhau Empress. Zvisinei, achangogara Catherine akapora uye akatora kutenda Orthodox, pasinei vababa vake paanopikiswa - Lutheran Devotional, akaroorwa muchinda muduku. Uye chitendero chitsva akagamuchira rimwe zita - Katherine. Zviitiko zvose izvi zvakaitika muna 1745, uye kuti ndiye sei nyaya Catherine Mukuru akatanga.

Makore oupenyu mhuri, kana somunhu vakaroorana achitamba nemasoja nechitoyi

Kuva maviri wokutanga August nhengo yemhuri youmambo, Catherine akatanga kupfeka musoro Princess. Asi muchato wake akava chaizvo asingafari. Murume Catherine Guru yaiva saibva murume wechiduku, pane kupedza nguva ndiine mudzimai wake, aida kutamba masoja toyi. A yemberi Empress aipedza nguva yokuvaraidza pachako nedzimwe kumaresitorendi, kuverenga.

Count Andrei Shuvalov, uyo akanga Chamberlain Catherine, ndaiziva memoirist James Boswell, uye iye akaudza count dzapedyo mashoko oupenyu namambo. Vamwe makuhwa izvi yaiva mashoko kuti nokukurumidza pashure aroora Peter akatora tenzikadzi wake Elizabeth Vorontsova. Asi uye Catherine pashure kuti akanga asiri chikwereti. Iye wakaonekwa ari Rara Sergei Saltykov, Grigoriem Orlovym, Stanislavom Ponyatovskim nevamwe.

The pakuonekwa akamirirwa kwenguva refu mugari wenhaka

Zvakatora makore akawanda remangwana Empress asati abereka mugari wenhaka. Mwanakomana Catherine Guru, Paul, akaberekwa musi maviri September 1754. Ubaba mwana yave nyaya kusingaperi gakava. Kune masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti chaizvoizvo baba vomukomana - kwete murume murume Catherine Mukuru, uye Sergei Saltykov - Russian wamambo uye nhengo roruvanze. Vamwe vakati mwana sokunge Peter, uyo baba vake.

Chero zvazvingava, Catherine haana nguva yokuti dangwe rake, uye nokukurumidza Elizaveta Petrovna vakarikunda yake kurerwa. Pasinei nokuti muchato rakanga kubudirira, hazvina pakukurirwa ungwaru uye enyika zvido Catherine. Bright musikana akaramba kuverenga zvakawanda, kunyanya mu French. Aida enganonyorwa, mitambo uye nhetembo, asi kwaisava aifarira mabasa makuru inofananidza rechiFrench Kujekerwa akadai Diderot, Voltaire uye Montesquieu.

Nokukurumidza, Catherine akava nepamuviri mwana wechipiri, Anna, uyo achararama mina chete kwemwedzi. Vana Catherine Mukuru nokuda makuhwa pamusoro unzenza yemberi Empress haana kukonzera Peter III inodziya manzwiro. Murume chokwadi kuti aiva baba vavo chaivo. Chokwadi, Catherine vakaramba kupomerwa kwakadaro naye uye vaifarira kupedza nguva yake boudoir, kuvanzirana ake obnoxious hunhu.

Mune imwe danho choumambo

Pakafa Empress Elizabeth, uyo akafa December 25, 1761, murume Catherine zvakabudirira pachigaro, akava Peter III, apo Catherine pachake akagashira musoro Empress. Asi vaviri vachiri vapenyu voga. The Empress aiva nechokuita bhodhi. Peter akanga pachena utsinye wake. Akatonga hurumende pamwe mistresses dzavo.

Asi Ekaterina Velikaya akanga chinzvimbo chaizvo mukadzi mano kukuru rezvedzidzo. Aitarisira kuti munguva yose chete achauya simba uye votonga Russia. Kusiyana nomurume wake Catherine akaedza kuratidza kuvimbika kwavo kuna pehurumende uye kutenda Orthodox. Sezvo iye nemazvo yakaoneka izvozvo zvakamubatsira kuti kwete chete kutora nzvimbo pachigaro choushe, asiwo hwokuchengetedza rutsigiro zvakakodzera vanhu Russian.

Ndamukirwa pamusoro mudzimai wake

Pashure pemwedzi mishomanana kwake Peter wechitatu akakwanisa boka nevavengi hurumende pakati muchiuto uye kunyanya vatungamiriri vechechi. Pausiku June 28, 1762 Ekaterina Velikaya vakanga varangana naye anoda, Grigori Orlov, akasiya mumuzinda akaenda Izmailovo chemazana chehondo, izvo akataura masoja kutaura umo akakumbira kuti adzivirirwe mukadzi wake.

Saka zvakanzi akaita rangano Peter III. Mutongi akamanikidzwa asaine gwaro pamusoro abdication, uye ushe mwanakomana Catherine Mukuru wacho Paul. Kana uye Empress zvinofanira kuva regent nezera rake. Zvino Petro ichangopera kusungwa adzipwa nokuda pachake varindi. Zvichida Ekaterina akarayira kuti aponde, asi uchapupu mhosva yake kwete.

zviroto huchizadzika

Kubvira panguva yaitonga Catherine Guru. Mumakore okutanga inofa vaifanira nguva inonzi kwekuoma nechinzvimbo chake choushe. Catherine ainyatsoziva kuti kune vanhu vane vanoona akabvuta chigaro uyo akabata imwe simba. Saka, zviri kushingaira kushandiswa zvishoma mukana kuhwina nyasha kwamachinda uye muchiuto.

Kana dzimwe mutemo, Catherine Mukuru aiziva kuti Russia inoda refu kworugare kuti pfungwa iri mudzimba nyaya. Uye ino aigona chete kurikumbira kungwarira dzimwe negwaro. Uye kuriita Ekaterina akasarudza Count Nikita Panin, uyo akanga vaiziva chaizvo zvakanaka munyaya dzimwe nhau.

Kugadzikana upenyu pachake Catherine

Portrait of Catherine Guru inotiratidza naye somukadzi vakanaka zvikuru, uye asina kushamisa kuti upenyu pachake ari Empress rave siyana chaizvo.

Catherine aisagona kuroorwazve, nokuti kunogona kukanganisa kwake chinzvimbo.

Maererano nevaongorori vakawanda, nyaya Catherine Mukuru ane pamusoro vanoda gumi, iye kazhinji hwatinopiwa siyana chipo, chinokudza uye mazita okuremekedza kuti savafudzi.

Favorites, kana kuti nechokwadi vakwegura

Pashure aidanana Catherine chipangamazano Grigoriem Aleksandrovichem Potemkinym yapera, sezvo zvakaitika muna 1776, ari Empress akasarudza murume akanga asina chete runako rwomuviri, asi njere anoshamisa. Waiva Alexander Dmitriyev-Mamonov. vanoda Vazhinji Empress ane mutsa chaizvo kwaari, uye Ekaterina Velikaya kwagara dzakaratidza rupo kwaari, kunyange pashure zvose kubatana.

Somuenzaniso, mumwe avadikamwi vake - Peter Zavadovsky - akasimuka zviuru makumi mashanu rubles, mumwe mudyandigere zviuru zvishanu uye zviuru zvina vanhuwo zvavo pashure ukama hwavo apera (zvakaitika muna 1777). Wokupedzisira vake vakawanda vanoda - Prince Zubov, aiva muduku kupfuura Empress kwemakore makumi mana.

Uye zvakadini vana Catherine Guru? Pakati favorite zhinji saka hakuna munhu akamupa mumwe mwanakomana kana mwanasikana? Kana Pauro aiva naye chete mwana?

Catherine Guru, akaberekwa favorite Children

Apo Empress Elizaveta Petrovna akafa, Catherine aiva nemwedzi mitanhatu nepamuviri Grigory Orlov. Mwana akazvarwa zvakavanzika kubva April zvose 11, 1762 mune kure chikamu yamambo. muchato wake kuna Peter III panguva iyoyo yakaparadzwa zvachose, uye aiwanzoenda sported mudare pamwe tenzikadzi wake.

Catherine Chamberlain Basil Shkurin wake akatora mwana mumba make. Catherine ushe Great rakatanga apo mukomana akanga chete kwemwedzi mishomanana. It akadzokera kumuzinda. The mbudzana akatanga kunakidzwa hwandaiva youduku pasi pokudzora vabereki vavo - Catherine uye Gregory. Orlov akatanga kushandisa mwana kuedza kusunda Ekaterina kuroorana.

Akafunga refu kwazvo uye nesimba, asi zvakadaro akatora Panina Council, uyo akati Mai Orlova haana kubvumirwa kutonga Russian mamiriro. Uye Catherine haana kuda kuroora Grigory Orlov. Apo Alex akava kuyaruka, akaenda kuenda kunze kwenyika. Journey kwemakore gumi. Vadzokera Russia mwanakomana akagamuchira sechipo kubva yavatezvara mai vake uye akatanga kudzidza Mutsvene kadheti Corps.

The pamasimba vaaida kuti mabasa ehurumende

Maererano nedzimwe nhoroondo data, kubva Poniatowski Empress akabereka mukomana nemusikana, asi vana Catherine Guru akararama chete anenge gumi mwedzi. Havana kumbobvira kuzivikanwa pachena. Vazhinji favorite Catherine Mukuru wacho vakabva chakanaka mhuri uye vakakwanisa kuvaka enyika hunoshamisa basa. Somuenzaniso, Stanisław Poniatowski akava mambo muPoland muna 1764.

Asi hapana anodiwa Catherine haana kushandisa mamiriro avo sezvo kufurira voruzhinji negwaro. Kunze Gregory Potemkin, Catherine the Great nako kwakabatana zvikuru kunzwa. Nyanzvi dzakawanda kunyange vanoti pakavanda muchato akanga akapedzisa pakati Empress uye Potemkin muna 1774.

Ekaterina Velikaya, ushe chakaunza zvinokosha kubatsirwawo yokuRussia mamiriro, muupenyu hwake hwakaramba mukadzi ane rudo uye vanodiwa.

Basic Services kune Russian mamiriro

Uye kunyange zvazvo rudo muupenyu Catherine aiva rinokosha, manzwiro haana richakudzikatira enyika zvido. The Empress agara vakashanda zvakaoma kudzidza mutauro wokuRussia zvokuti ndibvise wavo pfungwa zvachose kunyura Russian tsika uye nyanzvi tsika uye vainyatsoongorora nhoroondo hwacho. Historical asian pamusoro Catherine Guru rinoratidza kuti aiva nomazvo chaizvo mutungamiri.

Panguva yokutonga kwake, Catherine akawedzera miganhu wokuRussia Empire kusvika kumaodzanyemba uye kumadokero anenge 520 000 akaenzana makiromita. Hurumende razova ushande muupenyu kumaodzanyemba-nechokumabvazuva Europe. Pane zvakawanda kukunda pamusoro muchiuto mberi akabvumira Empire kuti kuwana kweGungwa Dema.

Uyezve, muna 1768, musi Assignation Bank akanga tasked pamwe nekuita hurumende yokutanga bepa mari. masangano akadaro akazarurwa muSt Petersburg uye Moscow, uye gare gare mune mamwe maguta mapazi bhangi zvakasikwa.

Catherine Aizvirumbidza huru yedzidzo nokudzidziswa vechidiki aroorane. Moscow Foundling Hospital yakavhurwa, nokukurumidza yakasimbiswa Mambokadzi Smolny Institute for Noble rweVasikana. Akadzidzira yedzidzo yokuti tsika dzimwe nyika uye akatanga kuchinja zvakawanda rokudzidzisa. Uye aiva Catherine vakaisa musengwa kumisa zvikoro amachinda zvikamu Russian Empire.

Empress kuramba sevasingafungi upenyu nemagariro munyika, uyewo achiratidza kuvimbika kutenda Orthodox uye mamiriro. Inofa kunonyanyisa hanya pakuwedzera nemasangano dzidzo uye kuwedzera simba upfumi. Asi uyo anotonga pashure Catherine Guru? Ndiani akaenda nenzira yake kupinda kukura ehurumende?

The okupedzisira rokutonga. Possible mugari wenhaka pachigaro

Kwemakumi emakore, Catherine II aiva mutongi mhedziso yeRussian wehurumende. Asi nguva yose iyi aiva pavanenge chaizvo ukama mwanakomana wake - mugari wenhaka Pavel. The Empress ainyatsoziva kuti hazvibviri kuti uchatamisa simba mumaoko mwanakomana wake.

Ekaterina Velikaya, ushe uhwo dzakaguma nechepakati-November 1796, vakasarudza kuti mutsivi muzukuru wake Alexander. Izvi ndipo paakaona mutongi yemberi uye vakamuitira noushamwari. Empress vakanga vachigadzirira muzukurukomana wake kusvikira ushe kuita dzidzo yake. Uyezve, iye kunyange vakakwanisa kuroorwa Alexander, izvo zvaireva kuti kuuya zera uye anogona kutora chigaro pachigaro choushe.

Pasinei neizvi, afa Catherine II achibatsirwa nomumwe yamambo kubvuta masimba, mwanakomana Empress, Pauro pakutanga akatora nzvimbo mugari wenhaka chigaro. Saka, aiva munhu anotonga pashure Catherine Guru nokuda mashanu apfuura.