Chernososhnye vanhuwo zvavo - pachangu vakasununguka vanhu

Nhoroondo nyika yedu, nokuda kwaizvozvo, chero, ndiye muitiro socio-zveupfumi uye enyika kukura pamwe zvemamiriro hondo pakati makirasi, vamwe vaiva yeropafadzo nechinzvimbo, uye imwe - ari zvachose pakatarisana negwara. vanhu vakaderera kwakadaro uye aibata vanhuwo zvavo chernososhnye possessory uye Russia, uye ipapo Russian Empire.

nuances Russian nhau muitiro

Kuti kuona murimi mudiki mubvunzo, zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti akanga chirongwa feudalism uye guru munyika yedu. Kusiyana muEurope, zviitiko zvinokosha Russia kwakaitika pamwe nevamwe kunonoka. Paiva zvikonzero zvinoverengeka chinangwa, chinonyanya kukosha, zvisinei, waiva nechisimba Tatars. Kana iwe enzanisa yakafanana pezvakaitwa feudalization Russia uye Europe doordynskogo nguva, zvinogona kunzi pamusoro guru kukura akafanana. Asi zvimwe nzira zvachose vakapesana; kana West serfdom kwaiva kufa regumi namatatu-namana remakore, kuti muRussia zviri chete kutanga kusimbisa. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka kune mugumo remakore namana. Yakanga shure zvishoma nezvishoma kusunungurwa pazviri Horde madzishe kwakawedzera chido kusungirira vanhuwo zvavo kuti mapurazi avo. Kwemazana anotevera emakore, izvi zviri chete kuva kwakapararira.

Mabviro Kusiyanisa

Kusaruramisira akaita yakabuda kare mamiriro, apo pakanga akatengwa, ryadovichi. It yakanga vanhu kunyange pachako vakasununguka, asi akanga zvemari kuzvimiririra. Rich uye anokudzwa vokuRussia vekare vakatsvaka rokuishandura kuva zvachose zvaanoda, asi zvikazooneka kuti vane kunosiyana madhigirii kubudirira. Asi, kana paine muboka chaiye anenge disenfranchised vanhu-varanda. Asi kudana muitiro uyu uranda apo hazvibviri - uyu kwakatangira ake, akanga atova ataurwa dimmed ari Mongol nechisimba chete. Zvisinei, kugadzwa feudal kudzora murimi mudiki mukirasi haana kumborega zvachose, chete kufambira izvozvo. Mugore XII-XIV kubva vanhuwo zvavo ipapo Day St. George, iro akavabvumira kushandura muridzi kamwe pagore, kuti kumubhadhara muripo (vakwegura). The State uye Grand Duke, uye ipapo mambo haana kuramba kure izvi. Kudivi rimwe, ivo kuchengetedza zvinodiwa feudal madzishe, uye pane dzimwe - kuwedzera munyika yavo Holdings. Vanhuwo zvavo vanogara ikoko uye kugadzirisa ikoko, uye zvakanga chernososhnye vanhuwo zvavo.

Kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo kuti murimi mudiki kuyanzva

Izvi kuchinja madzishe akatarira kutsamwa kukuru, sezvo kakawanda akataura simba. simba Supreme vaiona rayo chikuru kutsigira rukoko makuru, svikiro uye diki kwamachinda, saka akamanikidzwa kuzobvunza Kusagutsikana vanhu. Chernososhnye varimi vanowanzotevedzera kuva yakaderera oparesheni uye ndave kwakabatana chete pamitero duku nyasha wenyika, saka zviri pachena chido voga varimi kuchinja mamiriro avo. Zviri pamutemo kodzero uchatamisa vanhuwo zvavo Sudebnik yakatangwa 1497. Tevera kuitika, kunyanya kuwedzera Boyar kwamachinda uye kushorwa, akatungamirira kuti chidzoke rutsva Sudebnik 1550 nyaya pamusoro kuwedzera vakwegura. Kunyange Kazhinji Day St. George waichengetwa, asi muripo kuchinjwa kwakawedzera zvikuru, yakanga mhuri dzakawanda purazi ane kunyanya mari. Saka, zviremera aitarisira kuwana kunzwisisa mhinduro, achipa feudal Estates, asi kwete chose vachifungawo zvinofarirwa vanhuwo zvavo.

"Tora, Ambuya, uye St. George Day!"

Vokumaruwa of European North uye kuSiberia - rakachengetedzwa kusvikira pamugumo navatanhatu uye mangwanani nemanomwe remakore chernososhnye vanhuwo zvavo. Tsanangudzo iyi izwi rinogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera: vanhuwo zvavo vari novimba mamiriro, asi pachako vakasununguka, kurarama umambo mutongi. mamwe zita ravo - the mamiriro vanhuwo zvavo. Nguva iyi nyika yaiva nzvimbo yose. Rakanga anosimudzirwa Politika Ivana IV. WokuLivonia War, vakatevera ipapo oprichnina kwakatungamirira kutaura kuparadzwa nechepakati uye kumaodzanyemba zvikamu European kwenyika. Naizvozvo, muna 1581 paiva nechirevo "On Kudzivirirwa Makore", iro raireva pfupi kurambidza kutapurirana vanhuwo zvavo kune vamwe varidzi. Kunyange zvazvo zviremera zvamatonga chive pfupi nechiyero Zvisinei, zvino kuchinja kuti vanhuwo zvavo vakanga pasisina.

Nguva serfdom

Uyezve mutemo kunongoita, muna 1597 chirevo "On nguva muganhu makore", raisanganisira mukusora akanga atiza vanhuwo zvavo uye navo achidzokera muridzi mukati mumakore mashanu, pamwe iyi chete akakura pamusoro nguva. Muna 1649 kwakasarudzwa Conciliar The Code, zvitsva mitemo mamiriro, idzo zvinobudirira kurambidzwa kuchinja muridzi uye nguva mukusora akanga atiza vanhuwo zvavo vakava nokusingagumi. Musi uyu anonzi kuti kwokupedzisira yechiitiko pave kudzora vanhuwo zvavo vane feudal nemadzishe muRussia isingachinji serfdom, asi kwete vose vanhuwo zvavo vakava private varidzi. The Vagari vokumaruwa dzakabatana, waitova pakazotanga Code ari munyika, muridzi nemhuri youmambo, havana serfs, apo kuramba vakasununguka - ndicho kuti chernososhnye vanhuwo zvavo. Asi izwi pacharo anowana zita rayo kubva mutero - nhema pagejo.