Viko Dzhambattista: Biography uye mabasa

Muvambi pakudzidza nhau muitiro, rokuItari muzivi rechipiri hafu navatanhatu wokutanga uye - namanomwe remakore, nyaya ino. Vico Giambattista inozivikanwa munhoroondo sechinhu yakakodzera uye chinangwa muitiro, apo mumwe rudzi ikabuda Zvinonzi eras matatu - naMwari (kana mamiriro haasati vane simba rose vaprista), umhare iri (apo hurumende iri mumaoko vakakwirira) uye munhu (kana paine munhu mumiririri umambo, mumwe Zimbabwe).

Biography

Neapolitan muzivi Viko Dzhambattista uye musayendisiti akaberekerwa June 1668 mumhuri yakakura. Baba vakatengesa mabhuku, saka mukomana wakatangwa kuti sayenzi mangwanani musi, kunyange vasati vapinda wechechi yeRoma chikoro. Hazvishamisi kuti mwero yokurovedza imomo haana kugamuchira. Viko Dzhambattista Zvakaoma saka kuzvidzidzisa kuti zvikuru chikoro nzira iri basa kudziviswa, nokuti vaifanira kusiya. The ruzivo akava nokukurumidza, pamwe zvikuru zvakawanda, ichiita mabasa akawanda, uye zvakadzika.

Pakati mabasa ayo havasi mitauro chete yekare: kuwedzera muchiLatin uye Italian Viko Dzhambattista akadzidza mabhuku, mutemo, uzivi, nhoroondo, vakasununguka kurarama chinhu mabasa Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, uye vamwe vakawanda. mukurumbira Real mururimi guta rake, akanga awana ari gweta uye muperekedzi, asi pasinei zvinhu izvi stesnonnost yakanga ake wenguva mamiriro. Naizvozvo, munhu mukuru haana kudzivisa kunyora tsika nyaya, kutaura, nhetembo nezvimwewo.

Kuzivikanwa mabasa

Pazera matatu Vico akava purofesa paUniversity zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe pana Naples, masvingo iyo inoshandisa inopfuura hafu remakore, uye mabasa ake uye philological bhezari awane broadest mukurumbira. Giambattista Vico akaberekwa ari nhamba mabasa evasingatombonamati nesayenzi nezvezvinhu zvinokosha mutauro muchiLatin, apo paivawo rekare Italian nemaonero nzira ano zvesayenzi, pamusoro Antonio Caraffa - "Four Books", pahwaro vavariro yezvisikwa kodzero dziri dzakafanana, mitemo uye kugara zvikuru kwazvo kudzidza ndikawana dziri mumabhuku.

Uye muna 1725 vakauya chikuru basa hwake, kusvikira nhasi ndiyo nyaya dzokudzidza. Viko Dzhambattista akanyora, "yakavakirwa hutsva nesayenzi yezvakaita marudzi", uye basa iri yaitengeswa panze pakarepo uye chaizvoizvo vzapoy kuverengwa voruzhinji, iro akakurukura nechido chikuru youzivi munyori zvipikirwa. The gakava chaizvo, uye wenyaya anoonekwa kuti kukamura uchishandisa nanhasi. zita munyori vakadzidza ari okumudzivo makona zvesayenzi Europe, asi vakawanda navo havana kuudza nemaonero kuti vanoomerera Giambattista Vico. Sources ari kufambira mberi kwevanhu, vari kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

tichidzivirira maonero

Giambattista Vico ari mumiririri sayenzi, ndiko kupa nezvavanotenda asingagoni, asi nokuti akaedza munzira dzakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira pfungwa navo, kuvanyengetedza kuti zvakarurama. Uye nekuti vakanga vakagadzirira mabhuku maviri itsva, apo akaedza napo kuti vave nyore kunzwisisa pfungwa yekare mabasa somunhu polemic pamwe nevatsoropodzi.

Zvadaro, Giambattista Vico, imwe pfungwa iyo havana kushanduka maonero avo pamusoro pemhando marudzi, akanyora autobiography, pamwe, kana kwete pachokwadi kwesayenzi, zvino, tichatii, njere, apo quests ake ose uye zvakawanikwa munyika nesayenzi zvinoratidzwa. Muna 1735 akanga basa kuisa yose Umambo Naples wenhoroondo uye saka, pakupedzisira, kushaya zvinhu, akarega kunzwa. Zvisinei, dzidziso haana kukanda mapfumo: Latin mabhuku uye zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe, akadzidzisa vadzidzi pamba.

Pfungwa huru

Real zvevapi vamazano musayendisiti ane pfungwa akatenda kupfuura pedyo, vakanga Tacitus, Plato, Frensis Bekon uye Gugo Grotsy. Giambattista Vico ndiye mumiririri munda ruzivo, izvo zvinogona kuita pasina mabasa Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino, Galileo uye Bruno Dzhorzhano, uyewo Niccolo Machiavelli akanga panyika musayendisiti ane simba guru.

Kusvikira pamwero ose basa Vico akanyora nechiRoma, uye akabva aona kuti aigona yekudyidzana chokuwedzera mikana uye muganhu mutauro waamai, asi nekuti kunyora Dzhambattista Viko "New Science" yakabudiswa wokuItaly. Asi, ndakadzidzawo haisi chaizvo Italian - uye richiri havana kurarama sezvo mutauro mumwe chete National, raiva kunonakidza uye akaoma Neapolitan mutauro.

A Uzivi itsva

Netsika mharidzo uye bhuku inoramba chete - zvakanga zvainyatsokonzerwa zvesayenzi uye naizvozvo dzinovhiringidza uye rima kunzwisisa, uye kana kuti pamusoro akatsvoda zvakawanda uye kwete zvose ndima nzwisisa mutauro Naples - kwete Italian ose wakagona kuti pfungwa kuti dzakaiswa kubva mubhuku Munyori uye kunzwa kwavari.

Bhuku rakavakwa kushandisa axiomatic-deductive nzira, uye sezvo zvisingatomboiti geometric bhuku umo pfungwa dzake yakagadzirwa Giambattista Vico, dzinotyisa pokutsoropodza rusaruro uye subjectivity pakuona kwete chete vanhu asiwo marudzi ose.

Hatina kufanana nayo uye extrapolation nzira, iyo panguva iyoyo vakakunda zvose nevanhu. Akafumura zvinokanganiswa muuzivi Descartes. Kunwisa rationalism uye subjectivism mu pfungwa muvengi empiricism vaiwanzova kutotsoropodzwa, pevanoita Giambattista Vico.

evanhu

New sainzi yakasarudzwa sezvo nhoroondo uzivi, munyori vanozivikanwa se yebhaibheri, asi zvikonzero uye enyika. Giambattista Vico akanyora pamutemo mberi panguva iyoyo kumbonzwiwa zvinhu.

Somuenzaniso, kuti mitemo munzanga, Chokwadi, yakatangwa naMwari (kana Providence), asi dzinongoitika dzakawanda zvinokonzera kazhinji pachena nzira nhau kwacho negwara kubva raMwari zvirongwa. Ndicho chinangwa hunhu chiitiko ichi.

Human mabasa chinozoiswa pamwe dzinongoitika mupi werutemo, ndiko, maererano nemitemo yezvisikwa chikonzero, uye nhoroondo mitemo mutungamiriri uye waidzora spontaneity ari kurwira zvido zvevanhu.

voruzhinji kutenderera

Innovator Vico akaratidza nheyo tana kwevanhu pamwe kuzviisa pasi yemarudzi ose pasina chaakasiya, uye magariro kugadzira nyika maererano nemitemo yezvisikwa. Dzidziso evanhu kutenderera, contoured Giambattista kuziva ikozvino.

Dzichiri marudzi zvinogara, kufanana mupenyu uduku, vechidiki uye kukura, kukura pamwe ane vachikwira mutsetse, apo Danho rimwe nerimwe anoramba yaimbovapo, uye kuchinja epochs pane zvemagariro nenyonganyonga, akasikwa tichiregeredza nemagakava evanhu. The mhaka makakatanwa ari samagariro, ari noukama pfuma.

The kutenderera dzose rinopera dambudziko munzanga, kuora kwayo, uye vose mumasero omuviri kupesvedzera mumagariro kudzikisirana. Zvadaro, mumwe mutsva kutenderera kunotanga.

Three "remakore"

Vico anoratidza evanhu nekuita pezvakaitwa sezvo kuvimbika mumativi. Kunenge - the "zera" - ine yayo mitemo uye mutauro, tsika uye chitendero, zveupfumi masangano. Hwaro kunanga dzavo Vico akasarudza nhoroondo Rome. "Chizvarwa Vanamwari" - ari chinyakare noutsinye uye bestial rusununguko pasina miganhu, kusavapo chero mamiriro. Simba vamwari (kana panzvimbo - vaprista). World namararamiro vatsvene uye kutya. Zvino mhuri madzibaba knotted hondo nevashandi uye nemhuri, iyo inodiwa kugumiswa hurumende iyo ushe vokutanga vachava, uye yokupedzisira nyika anorimwa. Panguva iyi rinotanga "zera magamba" apo mhuri dzamadzibaba sokuti kuziva, uye vashandi uye nemhuri - vanhuwo vanhu. Patricians uye plebeians. Revatongi hunhu wenyika, ari feudal madzishe vaishandisa simba uye kubiridzira kubatirira simba. The nguva apo nesimba rakarurama.

Zvisinei, vanhuwo havagoni kumirira jana ravo kukunda. "Chizvarwa Heroes" chinoguma kutanga "zera vanhu" - soro pavaipfuura kutenderera. Vanhuwo akakunda uye anoparadza feudal madzishe. A zvokuvhoterwa kana umambo pamwe yevagari uye zvematongerwo kuenzana zvakasiyana humán hunhu, yakunda chikonzero, hana uye basa. Mutemo anova kodzera. Rarama sainzi, rwokugadzira, uri, rokutanga munguva dzakanga vasipo. Trade kunounza vanhu pamwe chete, vanhu anogamuchira kubatana, uye kubudirira. Asi democratic rusununguko vanowanzotaura vachikura kukura mhirizhonga, zvichiita kuti vaparadzwe yose kurongeka munzanga. Anouya pokuwa ehurumende uye kutanga kwenyika itsva "zera wavanamwari."

Kakawanda

Zvisinei, muCarthage haana kufanira kupinda zano iri historiography. Uye kwete iye chete. Vico vanobvuma kuti pane anosara kunze, uye pfungwa iri kukurukurwa kumusoro, rinotaura chete imwe ruzhinji. Nokufambira mberi mune zvesayenzi, zvakaizadza akatipa Vico - dialectics kudzidza zvakawanda munzanga uye kupararira historicism. In izvi zvose, munyori kwazvo kupfuura kunyange French Kujekerwa. Mukuwedzera, yakawanda Vico Zvinounza nokuongorora matambudziko uzivi uye nhoroondo, uzivi uye mutemo, kuenzaniswa zvemutauro, philology, uye zvichingodaro.

Chinonyanya kukosha zvishandiso kunzwisisa nhoroondo nokudzidza mutemo, akafunga, mungano, chevarwere mhemberero uye kutanga - mutauro. Vico akarota pakukura uye kugadzwa nokubatana sainzi, dzidzo kwakapararira. Ndaiva zvakarurama. Kwetunhu Sciences ndiyo chinokosha nokuda kukura kwemichina. Akayemura isingachinji mabasa Homer - "rinonzi Iliad" uye "Odyssey", tichifunga kwavari kare rine kwakakwana uye yakarurama, Zvisinei, kuratidza wose kuti iye chehomeri - asiri munhu chaiye. Ideas kuti vave akagadzira kwavari, hatina, asi pamwe refu Transitional nguva iri New Kujekerwa akatora emakore akawanda.