VokuGermany vekare. Religion uye mararamiro ekare eGermany

Kwemazana emakore akawanda kwainyanya zivo pamusoro pokurarama uye zvokuita vekare vokuGermany vakanga mabasa kare vechiRoma uye vezvematongerwo enyika: Strabo, Pliny Mukuru, Yuliya Tsezarya, Tacitus, uye vamwe vanyori Ecclesiastical. Pamwe mashoko akavimbika, mabhuku aya uye manotsi yaiva kufungidzira uye mhamhidzirwa. Uyezve, vanyori vekare havasi kuenda zvakadzama enyika, nhoroondo uye tsika marudzi ufuza. Ivo akanyorwa vainyanya chokwadi chokuti "akarara pamusoro pemvura," kana chii anobudiswa navo pfungwa yakasimba. Chokwadi, mabasa ose aya anopa pfungwa yakanaka kwazvo upenyu madzinza eGermany pakutanga kwezana epochs. Zvisinei, munguva akazotevera matongo Zvakafukunurwa , kwakaonekwa kuti Vanyori vekare, ichirondedzera zvitendero uye mararamiro vekare vokuGermany, akarasikirwa zvikuru. Zvisinei, hazvirevi zvitadzise dhigirii dzavo.

Matangiro uye kupararira madzinza eGermany

madzinza eGermany ndezvaJehovha Indo-European. Pakutanga wa1 chemakore BC. e. Teutonic dzinounzwa kubva pai uye urudzi German akaumba muna 6-1 fung remakore BC. e., kunyange asina zvachose. The chizvarwa nyika weGermany vanhu vakaziva madziva nzizi Oder, Rhine uye Elbe. Madzinza zvakanga zvakawanda kudaro. Single zita uye havana kuwana nguva havana kumboziva ukama mumwe. Zvine musoro kunyora mashomanana. Saka, mazuva ano dzekuma Scandinavia tichirarama, uye Gautam svei. To kumabvazuva Elbe vakanga riri nhaka Goths, Vandals uye Burgundians. madzinza izvi vasina nemhanza; ivo zvakasimba sei kubudikidza nechisimba Huns, vakapararira munyika uye kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu. Uye pakati Rhine uye akagadzirisa Teutons Elbe, Saxon, pamakona, kuBatavia, Franks. Ivo chamuita kuti ano vokuGermany, British, Dutch, French. Kunze chambotaurwa nezvacho, pachine Jutes, Frisians, Cherusci, hermunduri, Cimbri, Svevo, Bastarnians nevamwe vazhinji. The vekare vokuGermany vaitama ainyanya kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba - kana pane, kumaodzanyemba-kumavirira, pangozi rweRoma. Ivowo nokuzvidira nyanzvi kumabvazuva (necheSalvic) nyika.

The kutaurwa vokuGermany rokutanga

madzinza About zvehondo nyika yekare vakadzidza ari pakati 4th remakore BC. e. manotsi kubva Oracle aiongorora uyo akatsunga kuita rwendo kuenda nemahombekombe North (German) gungwa. Ipapo vokuGermany kwazvo akazivisa pachayo pakupera iri 2nd remakore BC. E:. amarudzi Teutons uye Cimbri, uyo akasiya Jutland, vakarwisa Gaul ndokusvika prialpiyskoy Italy.

Gay Mary akakwanisa kumisa navo, asi kubva panguva iyoyo umambo akatanga kuchengeta ziso nokuda kwebasa vavakidzani ngozi. Zvadaro, marudzi eGermany akatanga vabatane kusimbisa simba rayo rehondo. In pakati 1st remakore BC. e. Yuliy Tsezar munguva Gallic War akarova rudzi akakunda Swabians. The VaRoma asvika Elbe, uye gare gare - kuna Weser. Panguva ino vakatanga kuonekwa mapepa kwesayenzi inotsanangura upenyu uye chitendero marudzi vakapanduka. Ivo (nechiedza ruoko Kesari), shoko rokuti "veGermany" akatanga kushandiswa. Sezvineiwo, ichi hachisi kuzvidzora. Kwakabva shoko - a Celtic. "Teuton" - a "muvakidzani pedyo wevapenyu." The yekare ekuGermany rudzi, kana pane zita raro - "Teutons," uyewo rakashandiswa nemasayendisiti ndi.

VokuGermany nevavakidzani vazvo

In kumavirira nokumaodzanyemba pedyo vaCelt eGermany vavakidzani. zvinhu netsika dzavo aiva yepamusoro. Externally, vamiririri ava madzinza zvakanga zvakafanana. Romans vanowanzoororwa yakanyongana, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kuonekwa vanhu mumwe. Zvisinei, vaCelt uye vokuGermany havasi voukama. Kufanana ravo pedyo napedyo riine tsika, zvakavhenganiswa michato, kutengeserana.

VokuGermany kumabvazuva inoganhurana pamwe Slavs, madzinza Baltic uye Finns. Chokwadi, marudzi awa ose akanga mwoyo mumwe. It hunoonekwa mutauro, tsika, nzira kurima. Modern vokuGermany vari vazukuru vaCelt uye Slavs, kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu vokuGermany. The VaRoma akacherechedza yakakwirira kukura Slavs uye vokuGermany, uyewo chiedza kana chiedza dzvuku bvudzi uye zvitema (kana vachena) maziso. Mukuwedzera, vamiririri marudzi aya aiva akafanana Maumbirwe dehenya, iyo yakawanikwa panguva matongo Zvakafukunurwa.

The Slavs uye vekare eGermany Roman akarova vaongorori kwete chete runako muviri uye chiso features, asiwo kutsungirira. Zvisinei, chokutanga ndeye nguva dzose norugare, apo wechipiri - nehasha uye kubhejera.

chitarisiko

Sezvambotaurwa, vanhu vokuGermany akapa mbodza Romans uye akakura simba. Free varume vaipfeka bvudzi refu uye ndebvu wakaveurwa. Mune mamwe madzinza kwakasarudzwa kubatanidza bvudzi riri shure musoro wake. Asi chero zvakadaro, vaifanira kunge refu kubva yakasvikawo bvudzi - chiratidzo muranda chokwadi. VeGermany mbatya dzaiwanzova nyore, pakutanga chaizvo hasha. Vaida matehwe majasi, yeshinda capes. Vose varume nevakadzi vakaomeswa kunyange cold vaipfeka Shirts vane pfupi dzisimbe. Ancient Teuton musoro kutenda kuti imwe nguo constrains kufamba. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, masoja haana kunyange zvombo. Nengowani, zvisinei, akanga, kunyange zvose.

Kuroorwa mukadzi German akafamba vhudzi, ane mvere, akaroorwa yeshinda pajira riya. headpiece ichi chakanga nderwokufananidzira. Footwear varume nevakadzi ndiye: dehwe shangu kana majombo, yamakushe amakwai ichitenderera. Clothes yakashongedzwa nezvikorekedzo uye simbi dzemabhande emabhurukwa.

The magariro erudzi vekare eGermany

Social uye zvematongerwo enyika zviri vokuGermany hachina kuoma. At kwezana remakore marudzi aya aivapo dzemadzinza hurongwa. It anonziwo chinyakare. Munyika ino, mutengo haasi munhu, uye kuti munhui. chimiro ropa nehama dzayo vanogara chete musha, vakavaitira pasi pamwe chete muuye mumwe mhiko vendetta. Multiple kuzvarwa vanoumba rudzi. Zvisarudzo All zvinokosha vekare vokuGermany akatora vakaunganidza Thing. Saka akadana Assembly People yorudzi. At Chinhu akatora inokosha sarudzo: yacho zvaiita nyika redistributed pakati kuzvarwa, kutongwa mbavha, namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara gakava, akapedzisa rugare zvibvumirano, kududzira hondo, uye vakaunganidza varwi. Pano majaya vakazvitsaurira kuna varwi, uye akasarudza sezvinodiwa vatungamiriri vemauto - madzishe. Chinhu anobvumirwa chete vakasununguka, asi kwete vose vaiva nekodzero kuti mashoko (nayo aibvumirwa vakuru chete, uye anokudzwa zvikuru nhengo genus / dzinza). yemadzitateguru uranda aivapo pakati vokuGermany. Non-isina ane kodzero, pfuma akanga akagara mumba muridzi. Havagoni kuurayiwa vasingarangwi.

organization uto

Nhoroondo yekare eGermany azere mukurwisana. Men nguva yakawanda udyire basa. vokuGermany Kunyange asati atanga enderana mishandirapamwe kuzorwa nyika Roman vakaumba wedzinza vepamusoro - edelingi. Edelingami vaiva vanhu vakanga kusiyaniswa pachavo muhondo. Hatigoni kutaura kuti vakanga dzimwe kodzero, asi vane simba.

Pakutanga, vanhu vokuGermany akasarudza ( "wakamutswa nhoo") madzishe chete kana reuto kutyisidzira. Asi panguva pakutanga Kutama Great, vakasarudzwa madzimambo (madzimambo) ose edelingov upenyu. Mambo akamira musoro marudzi. Vaigovera pachavo pamwe squads zvechigarire uye kuvapa zvose zvakafanira (kazhinji panopera rakabudirira mushandirapamwe). Kuvimbika Mutungamiri nezvaiita. Ancient Teuton vaiona isingakudzwi kudzoka kubva kuhondo, iyo konung akawira. Pakadaro, chete nzira yokubuda aiva kuzviuraya.

Muhondo, vokuGermany paiva Generic musimboti. Izvi zvaireva kuti mhuri agara akarwa takabatana. Zvichida chinhu ichi anokonzerwa ferocity uye ushingi varwi.

VokuGermany vakarwa netsoka. The emauto akauya mukunopera, vaRoma vakanga vava naye pasi pfungwa. Murwi chombo mukuru aiva pfumo (frameya). Kwakapararira wakakurumbira banga yekare veGermany - sax. Zvino kukanda demo uye hope - munondo unocheka mativi ose Celtic.

upfumi

Vanyori venhoroondo dzekare kazhinji anorondedzera vokuGermany sezvo anongofamba nevafudzi. Zvakare, maonero aiva kuti varume vaiita bedzi muhondo. Archaeological tsvakurudzo 19-20th emakore kwakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvakanga siyanei. Chekutanga, nzira youpenyu ivo anyudzwa, kuita mombe ruminant uye kurima. Munharaunda yekare vokuGermany vakabata Mafuro, mafuro uye minda. Zvisinei, mumakore mashoma kuve zvizhinji akaisa ndima vokuGermany vakatora yomudondo. Kunyange zvakadaro, oats, rye uye bhari akura vokuGermany. Asi rutoto mombe nemakwai kwave chokutanga basa. VokuGermany ndisina mari, pfuma yavo kuyerwa maererano nokuwanda nemombe. Chokwadi, vanhu vokuGermany vakakwanisa zvakakwana kubata ganda uye aishingaira mhindu navo. Ivo kuitawo chaionekwa mvere dzemakwai nerineni.

Havana kugona kugadzirwa mhangura, sirivha uye simbi, asi mhizha kuti ndege anazvo navashoma. Over nguva vokuGermany vakadzidza tsvina Dhamasiko uye kuti neminondo yakakwirira kwazvo yepamusoro. Zvisinei, sax, revarwi banga yekare vokuGermany, kwete kubva kushandiswa.

zvinotendwa

Nokuti mashoko pamusoro dzidziso dzezvitendero venyika, uyo akakwanisa weRoma dzekare, asi zvishoma, dzinopesana uye kujeka. Tacitus akanyora kuti vanhu vokuGermany vakanamata zvakasikwa, kunyanya zuva. With zvakasikwa vava nomunhu nguva. Saka pakanga Somuenzaniso, kunamatwa Donar (Thor), mwari omutinhiro.

Very akaremekedza ekuGermany Tiwaz Rune, aiva musande aive nemasoja. Maererano Tacitus, vakaita yake rukudzo sezvibayiro. Uyezve, akanga akazvipira kuna maoko uye zvombo vavengi akaurayiwa. Kuwedzera "mukuru" vamwari (Donara, mvura, Tiwaz Rune, uchizunguzire) ose rumbidzo mhuri "pachake", muduku anozivikanwa vamwari. VokuGermany haana kuvaka temberi: kunyengetera chakaitwa mumasango (matsvene yemiorivhi), kana mumakomo. Zvinofanira akati kuti zvetsika chitendero yekare eGermany (avo vaigara panyika yakaoma) It zvaiva nokukurumidza yakatsiva ne chiKristu. Kristu ndiye vokuGermany vakadzidza zvakawanda 3rd remakore, nemhaka kuvaRoma. Asi muna dzekuma Scandinavia zvechihedheni yakatora refu. It zvinoratidzwa mabasa ngano, izvo zvakanyorwa mu Ages nguva ( "Mukuru Edda" uye "Prose Edda").

Culture uye Art

Nekukudza ndairemekedza vokuGermany kuvapristi uye muprofitakadzi. Vapristi akaperekedza mauto ari danidziro. Vanosungirwa kuita tsika (chibayiro) zvechitendero, anoreva vamwari arange matsotsi uye mbwende. Muprofitakadzi kuuka zvinoukwa; zvomukati zvemhuka matsvene uye akakunda vavengi neropa inoyerera uye nokuhwihwidza mabhiza.

The vekare vokuGermany vaida kuva kushongedzwa simbi mu "manyorerwo mhuka", iro rakundwa, anofungidzirwa kuti vaCelt, asi havana kuva netsika kufananidzira vanamwari. Very ine, kwakajairika yakanyungudutswa vanamwari inowanikwa peat bogs, akanga chete ndeyokungoitawo kukosha. Artistic ukoshi dzinomirira. Zvisinei, fenicha uye vanhu vokuGermany nounyanzvi wakashongedzwa upenyu.

Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika, vekare vokuGermany vaida mumhanzi, iyo yave yechigarire vezera. Ivo vakanga vachiridza nyere uye nembira, vakaimba nziyo.

VokuGermany vaishandisa tsamba Runic. Zvechokwadi, hazvina zvaireva kuti refu coherent magwaro. Rune aiva sacral ukoshi. Uchibatsirwa kwavo, vanhu vakatendeukira kuna vamwari, achiedza kufanotaura nguva yemberi, vakakanda nezvitsinga. Short Runic zvinyorwa zvakawanikwa mabwe, zvemumba, pamusoro zvombo uye nhoo. Pasina mubvunzo, chitendero vekare eGermany kunooneka mutsamba Runic. In Odin Runes kusvikira remakore rechi16.

Kudyidzana neRoma: Hondo uye Trade

Germania Magna, kana Greater Germany, kumbova rweRoma. Pakutanga kwezana epochs, sezvo yave akati, vaRoma akakunda marudzi mhenyu kumabvazuva Rhine River. Asi mugore 9 BC. e. eRoma achitungamirirwa murayiro Cherusci Arminius (Hermann) vakakundwa Teutoburg Forest, uye chidzidzo ichi Imperials refu kurangarira.

Muganhu pakati kuRoma uye kuvhenekerwa Europe akatanga mhuka run achitevedza Rhine, Danube uye Limes. Pano vaRoma akagadza mauto akavaka masvingo uye nheyo guta, iro zviripo nhasi (somuenzaniso, wokuMainz - Mogontsiakum uye Vindobona (Vienna)).

The vekare vokuGermany uye Roman Empire akanga asiri pana hondo pamwe mumwe nguva dzose. Kusvikira pezana-3rd remakore BC. e. Marudzi hwakagara nekaupenyu murugare. Panguva ino, ndakapiwa basa kukura, asi kuchitsinhanisa. VokuGermany akagovera vaRoma tanned wamatehwe, furs, varanda, rinopenya, uye akagamuchira nokuda muumbozha zvinhu uye nezvombo. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vari kunyange kushandiswa kushandisa mari. Mamwe madzinza aiva neropafadzo: somuenzaniso, kodzero mugotenga neRoma. Varume vakawanda vakava varwi vari eRoma.

Zvisinei, nechisimba Hun (anongofamba kumabvazuva) kuti rakatanga 4th remakore BC. e. "Akasiya" vokuGermany kubva mudzimba dzavo, uye ivo zvakare ndokuendeswa Imperial kundima.

The vekare vokuGermany uye Umambo hweRoma: wokupedzisira

By pakutanga Kutama Great marudzi simba eGermany akatanga ibatane madzimambo: kutanga kudzivirira vaRoma, uye ipapo - kuti andobata uye zvakapambwa neyenyika dzavo. Muzana 5th remakore rose Western Empire akanga nechisimba. On matongo ayo vakakandwa kumusoro fuza ushe Ostrogoths, vaFrank, Anglo-Saxons. Pachake Wokusingaperi City muzana rino remakore inonetsa rakakombwa nokukoromorwa kakawanda. Kunyanya marudzi anokudzwa vandals. Muna 476 BC. e. Romulus Augustus, wokupedzisira mambo weRoma rakamanikidzwa murege zvaoma mari Odoacer.

The magariro yekare eGermany pakupedzisira achinja. Kubva zvaiita nzira vaGiriki akapfuura kuti feudal. Rakasvika Middle Ages.