Zvitendero Ancient. The chidzoke Zvitendero, zvitendero yekare

Nhasi, vadikani, kuri nyaya ino ichava chitendero yekare. Tichafamba svetuka kupinda risingazivikanwi munyika sevaSumer vaEgipita, isu tinyatsoziva moto-vanamati, uye kudzidza zvinoreva "chiBuddha." Uchadzidzawo paiva chitendero, uye kana pfungwa munhu wokutanga pamusoro noupenyu munyikadzimu.

Verenga nokungwarira, nekuti nhasi tichataura pamusoro nzira iyo vanhu wapfuura kubva chinyakare zvavanotenda. mutemberi ano.

Chii chinonzi "chitendero"

Karekare vanhu vakatanga kufunga mibvunzo kuti hazvigoni kutsanangurwa bedzi pasi ruzivo. Somuenzaniso, sei isu vanobva? Chii chinoitika pashure porufu? Ndiani akasika miti, makomo, gungwa? Izvi uye zvimwe zvinetso zvakawanda yakaramba isina kupindurwa.

Kugadzirisa rakawanikwa akachangamuka uye kunamata zviitiko, zvinhu, nharaunda, mhuka uye zvirimwa. Izvi chinosiyanisa zvitendero zvose zvekare. Kuti uwane mashoko pamusoro pavo ichakurukurwa pashure.

Shoko rokuti "chitendero" rinobva mutauro rechiLatin. Pfungwa iyi inoreva miroosoznanie, rinosanganisira kutenda simba rakakwirira, tsika uye zvetsika zvine mitemo, kwegadziriro mabasa echitendero uye yakananga sangano.

Vamwe zvinotendwa ano regai anoenderana Counts zvose. Havagoni kurondedzerwa se "chitendero". ChiBuddha, Somuenzaniso, vangangoramba kureva dzenzvimbo kwouzivi.

Gare gare munyaya tikafunga chidzoke dzezvitendero uye yekare zvaidavirwa vanhu vanoverengeka yokurera kuripo nhasi, asi dzomuShoko kare.

Pamberi kwaita muuzivi chitendero chiri vakanyengera mibvunzo zvakanaka uye zvakaipa, tsika, zvinoreva upenyu, uye vamwe vakawanda. Uyewo, kubva kare imwe munzanga stratum akamira - vaprista. Ichi akararama vapristi, vaparidzi, mamishinari. Havana chete kugadzirisa dambudziko "ruponeso," asi vano- simba mamiriro sangano.

Saka, apo zvose vakatanga. Zvino tichataura pamusoro kwakabva pfungwa yokutanga yepamusoro hunhu uye chinoshamisa zvinhu zvakatipoteredza.

chinyakare zvinotendwa

Tinoziva nezvezvinotendwa yekare vanhu venyika petroglyphs uye makuva. Uyezve, dzimwe mhuri vachiri kurarama Stone Age chechetere. Naizvozvo, ethnographers anogona kuongorora uye kutsanangura nyika yavo uye cosmology. Hazvina kubva izvi matsime matatu tinoziva pamusoro chitendero yekare.

Madzibaba edu akatanga kuparadzanisa nyika chaiyo nemamwe nyika makore anopfuura chiuru makumi mana apfuura. Panguva ino pane ichi mhando munhu, kufanana Cro-Magnon murume, kana homo sapiens. Kutaura zvazviri, haana rakasiyana vanhu ano.

Pamberi pake vaiva Neanderthals. Iripo kumativi matanhatu zviuru makore kusati kwatombova ari Cro-Magnon. Zviri wokutanga Neanderthal vakavigwa vari ocher uye guva zvinhu. Rinofananidzira yokuzvinatsa uye zvinhu upenyu pashure porufu muhupenyu hunotevera.

Zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba animism. Zviri kudavira kuti zvose zvinhu, miti, mhuka vane mweya. Kana isu vanogona kufadza mweya yorwizi, zvingava hove dzakanaka. mweya yedondo kupa akabudirira kuvhima. A kunyengetedza mweya muchero womuti kusango, kana kubatsira yakawanda pakukohwa.

Migumisiro zvinotendwa izvi dzakararama kwemazana emakore. Imhaka yokuti tichiri kutaura Namano, michina nezvimwe zvinhu, tichitarisira kuti isu kuchanzwika, uye dambudziko zvichapfuura woga.

Sezvo kukura animism, totemism ipapo, un'anga nechishamani. Wokutanga kunosanganisira kudavira kuti dzinza rimwe nerimwe rine "totem" yayo, mudziviriri uye nanambuya. Kudavira kwakadaro tinoberekwa madzinza raitevera padanho kukura.

Pakati pavo vane maIndia uye mamwe madzinza akawanda kubva munyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Miyenzaniso ethnonyms - yorudzi Buffalo Great kana Wise Muskrat.

Izvi zvinosanganisira kunamata dzvene mhuka, taboos, etc.

Un'anga - ndiye kudavira superpower, izvo zvinogona kutiita zvimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mazango, mazango uye zvimwe zvinhu. Vari yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vanhu kubva nezvinhu zvakaipa kana nekusiyana, inobatsira kuti abudirire nzira zviitiko.
Fetissi chingava chipi kujairika chinhu chinokunda pakati vakadaro.

Somuenzaniso, ibwe ane gomo kana kujairika shiri dzakafanana dzvene. Gare gare kudavira iri hwakakanyiwa Chitendero yemadzitateguru, vari kutanga kuva mudhori, mazango. Naizvozvo, vanova vamwari anthropomorphic.

Naizvozvo, nharo pamusoro chitendero yekare, hazvigoni akapindura zvinonyatsoteerera. Zvishoma nezvishoma, akasiyana vanhu vaungane zvimedu chinyakare zvitendero uye ruzivo nezuva. Kubva plexus kwakadaro uye kune zvakawanda zvakaoma kunzwisisa mhando pfungwa pakunamata.

chishamiso

Achitaura zvitendero vekare, takataura pamusoro pechishamani, asi haana tokurukura nezvacho. Uyu zvikuru yepamusoro muchimiro zvaunotenda. Zvinosanganisira kwete chete zvimedu vamwe pakunamata, asi kunorevawo mukana kwevanhu simba pamusoro asingaoneki nyika.

Mashameni, chivimbo vamwe vagari kurudzi, unogona kutaura nemidzimu uye kubatsira vanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira achiporesa tsika, mhanza kunoda, nekukumbirira kukunda muhondo uye anoperetera gohwo rakanaka.

Tsika iyi ichiri vakachengetedzwa kuSiberia, Africa nevamwe zvishoma dzakabudirira kumatunhu. Sechikamu kuchinja kubva nyore kusvika zvikuru kunzwisisa shamanic mashiripiti uye chitendero chinogona kwaireva zvemishonga tsika.

Mariri varipo kare vanamwari kuti vane basa zvakasiyana-siyana zvoupenyu hwevanhu. In Latin America, African mifananidzo vari seari pamusoro ehupfumi kwevatsvene Catholic. tsika iyi kujairika uye unoratidza kunamatwa zvemishonga pakati zvemashiripiti dzenzvimbo idzi.

Achitaura kwaita zvitendero yekare, hazvibviri kusateerera mashiripiti. Ndicho soro chimiro chinyakare zvitendero. Zvishoma nezvishoma kuva yakaoma, shamanic tsika tibatsirwe ruzivo akasiyana nzvimbo ruzivo. Created tsika kuti tisave kuti vamwe vanhu vakawanda vamwe. Zvaidavirwa kuti, agamuchira kudzidziswa uye zvakavanzika (esoteric) ruzivo, nevachenjeri vari kushanda demigods.

Chii mashiripiti setsika. Ichi kwokufananidzira kuurayiwa zvinodiwa chiito nezvakanakisisa zvaizoitika. Somuenzaniso, varwi navatambi hondo kudhanzi, nokurwiswa muvengi zvekufungidzira, pakarepo kuoneka mufananidzo nevashamani totem worudzi uye kubatsira vana vavo kuti aparadze muvengi. Ndiwo inonyanya chinyakare chimiro setsika.

More sebvudzi tsika zvinotsanangurwa mubhuku chaiyo zvitsinga, izvo zvinozivikanwa kubva munguva dzekare. Izvi zvinosanganisira Book of the Dead, uroyi bhuku mweya, munhu "kiyi Soromoni" uye dzimwe grimoires.

Saka, imwe makumi ezviuru mashoma zvemakore kutenda vakatsauka kubva mumiti, uye kunamata mhuka kuti kunamata somunhu mananara kana maitiro evanhu. Kuti tinoti vamwari.

Sumerian-weAkkadian kupunduka

Next, tichakurukura zvimwe zvitendero yekare East. Sei isu tichati kutanga navo? Nokuti mararamiro vokutanga vakasimuka munzvimbo iyi.
Saka, maererano mumatongo, mumusha macho yekare yaiva mukati "Fertile Crescent." Iyi ndiyo nyika vari kuMiddle East uye Mesopotamia. Ndiyo apo mamiriro Sumer uye Akkad. About nezvavanotenda uye tichataura mberi.

Chitendero Mesopotamia yekare anozivikanwa kwatiri matongo zvakawanikwa pamusoro nharaunda muIraq yemazuva ano. Uyewo vakapona mamwe mabhuku Zvivako kuti kumwedzi. Somuenzaniso, ngano dzose rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira.

yakakura kwakadaro yakanga yakanyorwa pamahwendefa evhu. Dzawanikwa mumatemberi dzekare uye dzoushe, uye gare gare transcribed. Saka, chii chatakadzidza kwavari.
ngano Ancient inotiudza vanamwari vekare vanomiririra mvura, zuva, mwedzi uye pasi. Ivo akabereka majaya magamba vakava "ruzha." Panguva iyi primal takasarudza kubvisa navo. Asi mwari Ea denga wafungidzira manomano kuronga uye akakwanisa takanga tisisanakidzwi baba vavo abuzy, uyo wava munyanza.

ngano rechipiri rinotaura kuwedzera Marduk. Zvakanyorwa, sokuti, panguva kuzviisa pasi peBhabhironi vasara muguta-States. Pashure pezvose, zvakanga Marduk mukuru mwari uye muchengeti muguta.

The ngano rinoti Tiamat (chigadziko) akasarudza kurwisa vamwari "yokudenga", uye kuvaparadza. A hondo shoma iye yakahwina uye yepakutanga "mwoyo." Pakupedzisira, takasarudza kutumira kuhondo vane Tiamat, Marduk, vakabudirira kukurira basa. Akacheka muviri akakundwa. Kubva dzakasiyana-siyana akaita denga napasi, Mount Ararat, rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi.

Saka Sumerian-weAkkadian zvavanodavira danho rokutanga paumbwe institute yechitendero, kana yokupedzisira anova chikamu chinokosha ehurumende.

muIjipiti

Mutsivi chitendero yekare dzomunyika yose Sumer aiva muIjipiti. Vapristi vake vakakwanisa kuramba basa vapristi eBhabhironi. Vakagadzira chinhu sayenzi kuti svomhu, geometry, zvenyeredzi. Zvakanzi akasikawo hunoshamisa mienzaniso zvitsinga, nziyo, chitsvene mapurani. It rava yakasiyana netsika pakuomesa zvitunha posthumous vanokudzwa uye Farao.

Vatongi ichi yenhoroondo kutanga kuzivisa pachavo vanakomana vamwari, uye, chaizvoizvo, nevagari kudenga. Kwakavakirwa maonero ichi uye akavaka inotevera pavaipfuura zvitendero yekare munyika. Table weBhabhironi yamambo anoti gavhuna yokutsaurira kubva Marduk. The muMagwaro mapiramidhi zvinoratidza kwete chete vakasarudzwa vanhu vaMwari vanaFarao, asi anoratidzawo zvakananga mhuri kubatana.

Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kunamata vanaFarao wakabva pakutanga. Yakabuda chete pashure pokukundwa dzakapoteredza uye kusikwa yakasimba mamiriro nehondo simba. Asati ava paiva vanamwari, uyo akazonzi zvishoma, asi akaramba rayo guru zvinhu.

Saka, sezvo vachiti mubasa Herodotus "History", chitendero vaIjipiti vekare yaisanganisira mitambo vakazvitsaurira kuna mwaka siyana, kunamata uMwari uye kuitisa anokosha tsika akagadzirirwa kusimbisa munyika nzvimbo munyika.

ngano reIjipiti rondedzerai Mambokadzi wokudenga uye Mwari wenyika, uyo akabereka zvose tichigara. vanhu ava vaidavira kuti denga - zviri Nut amire pamusoro Gebom, mwari wenyika. Iye anouya kwaari chete kumuromo kwematanda minwe nezvigunwe. manheru ose, iye anodya zuva mangwanani ose uye anobereka zvakare.

The huru mwari pakutanga nguva muIjipiti yekare aiva Ra, mwari zuva. Gare gare, akapa kuvamumwe kuna Osiris.

Legend pamusoro Isis, Osiris uye Horus gare gare vakaumba nheyo zhinji ngano pamusoro Muponesi apondwa uye amutswa.

cheZoroastrianism

Sezvatambotaura pakutanga, chitendero vekare vanhu anonzi kune simba ehupfumi dzakasiyana zvinhu uye zvinhu. Kudavira uku akachengetedza nevaPezhiya vekare. The pedyo marudzi rinonzi dzavo "moto-Vanamati", sezvo vari kunyanya ivo achakudzwa chiitiko ichi.

Uyu ndiwo mumwe zvitendero zvenyika wokutanga, akanga rugwaro kwayo. Kana Sumer, kana muEgipita, izvi zvakanga zvisiri. Pane iripo chete vakapararira mabhuku zvitsinga uye nziyo, ngano uye kurumbidza kuti pakuomesa zvitunha. Zvisinei, muEgipita, raiva Book of the Dead, asi haagoni kunzi ne Gwaro.

In cheZoroastrianism pane muporofita - Zarathustra. Akagamuchira Gwaro (Avesta) mwari mukuru Ahura Mazda.

At chinoumba chitendero ichi ndiwo rusununguko tsika kusarudza. Munhu wese wechipiri pakati zvakaipa (rinomiririra Angra Manyu kana Ahriman) uye akanaka (Ahura Mazda kana Ormuz). Dzavo chitendero Zoroastrians vainzi "kutenda Good" uye pachake aiva "missus".

The nevaPezhiya vekare vaidavira kuti chikonzero kwevanhu uye hana anopiwa nemazvo kuziva divi ravo munyika yomudzimu. Huru postulates vaifanira kubatsira vamwe vanoshaya uye kutsigirwa. The chikuru inorambidza - chisimba, kupamba uye kuba.
Chinangwa chipi Zoroastrianism kwaiva kubudirira pfungwa dzakanaka, mashoko nezviito panguva imwe chete.

Kufanana nevamwe chitendero dzakawanda yekare Eastern, "kutenda Good" vakazivisa pakupedzisira yakunda zvakanaka pamusoro zvakaipa. Asi cheZoroastrianism - ndicho chitendwa wokutanga rine pfungwa dzakadai kudenga uye gehena.

Fire-vanamati makadanirwa kuti vakapa nomoto tiremekedze. Asi chaikosha ichi aionekwa sendarama hunonyadzisa kuoneka Ahura Mazda. The chiratidzo chikuru mwari mukuru munyika yedu-vanotenda pfungwa chiedza chezuva.

chiBhudha

In East Asia kwenguva yakareba chitendero yakakurumbira chiBuddha. In Russian shanduro imwe Sanskrit rinoreva "sayenzi nehope zvokunamata." Its muvambi ichaongororwa muchinda Siddhartha Gautama, uyo aigara India muzana remakore rechitanhatu BC. Shoko rokuti "chiBhudha" akazviratidza chete negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore, maIndia pachavo akaritumidza "dharma" kana "boddhidharma".

Nhasi mumwe zvitendero zvitatu nyika, rinova mukuru wavo. ChiBhudha azara tsika dzavanhu East Asia, saka kunzwisisa Chinese, maIndia, Tibetans nevamwe vakawanda kunobvira chete pashure muchizadzwa Kunyatsoziva zvinokosha chitendero ichi.

Pfungwa huru chiBuddha ndeinotevera:
- hupenyu - iri kutambura;
- kutambura (kusagutsikana) ndicho chikonzero;
- zvinokwanisika kubvisa kutambura;
- Ndiyo nzira ruponeso.

postulates aya anonzi mana chakanaka chokwadi. A nzira inotungamirira ndichipfeka kubvisa kusagutsikana uye kuvhiringidzika, anonzi "Eightfold".
Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti Buddha vakasvika pakuziva izvi pashure achiona matambudziko enyika uye vakapedza makore akawanda vari nokufungisisa pasi pomuti panyaya sei vanhu vachitambura.

Nhasi kudavira uku kunoonekwa sechinhu kuitika kwouzivi uye kwete chitendero. Zvikonzero ichi ndeinotevera:
- chiBhudha haana pfungwa Mwari, mweya uye nerudzikinuro;
- hapana sangano, dzibatane dzidziso uye isiyo kuzvipira pfungwa;
- vateveri vacho vanodavira kuti isingaperi uwandu nyika;
- Unogonawo kuva chero chitendero uye nhungamiro chiBuddha, haina wairambidza.

kare

Vateveri chiKristu uye nezvimwe monotheistic zvitendero vanonamata hunhu wokutanga anodaidzwa zvechihedheni. Naizvozvo, tinogona kutaura kuti dangwe chitendero munyika. Zvino tichava vakatamira vachibva kuIndia kusvika kuMediterranean kumhenderekedzo.

Pano, munguva yekare yakagadzirwa tsika kunyanya Greek uye Roman. Kana kunyatsotarisa panguva pantheon vanamwari vekare, ivo dzinenge kuchinjaniswa uye noenderana. Kazhinji, musiyano chete ndiro zita tsika.

Uyewo kucherechedza kuti chitendero vanamwari vekare, vanamwari vanozivikanwa nevanhu. Kana ukaverenga ngano Greek uye Roman vekare, tinogona kuona kuti usingafi sezvo kuduku, godo uye udyire sezvo vanhu. Vanobatsira vaya vanonamata, inogona kutengwa. Gods, kutsamwa pamusoro kunyengedzazve anogona kuparadza rudzi rwose.

Zvisinei, nzira iyi kunzwisisa nyika yakabatsira nokuronga ano tsika. Pahwaro zvoufuza ukama hwakadaro masimba yakakwirira vakakwanisa kutanga uzivi uye zvakawanda sayenzi. Kana tikaenzanisa kare pamwe yeMiddle Ages, zvinova pachena kuti rusununguko rwekutaura chinokosha kupfuura ari nokuiswa "kutenda kwechokwadi".

vanamwari vekare vairarama paGomo Olympus, riri mu Greece. Uyewo, vanhu vakabva yaigarwa midzimu dzomudondo, mvura uye makomo. Hazvina tsika iyi zvakaguma pashure muna dwarves European, elves nezvimwe fungidziro zvisikwa.

zvitendero yaAbrahamu

Nhasi tine nhoroondo nguva Kristu asati uye pashure. Nei chiitiko ichi akava kuchikosha zvakadaro? KuMiddle East zviri kuonekwa baba mumwe murume ainzi Abrahamu. About inoti iri Torah, Bhaibheri uye Koran. Iye akatanga kutaura aMwari mumwechete. About chii havana kuziva zvitendero yekare munyika.

Table zvitendero inoratidza kuti zviri yaAbrahamu zvitendero kupfuura nhamba evatsigiri nhasi.

Huru kuitikawo vanoonekwa chiJudha, chiKristu uye Islam. Ivo vakabuda munyika kuti dzakanyorwa. Mukuru anonzi chiJudha, iye akaonekwa imwe nzvimbo muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe BC. Zvadaro, kumativi remakore rokutanga pane chiKristu, uye wechitanhatu - Islam.

Zvisinei, chete zvitendero avo nokuda kwounyanzvi hondo dzakawanda uye kurwisana. Kurambidzwa nevamwe zvitendero ndiwo pakuva vateveri yaAbrahamu zvitendero.

Kunyange kana ukachenjerera kuverenga Magwaro, vakataura rudo uye tsitsi. Akavhiringidza gogodzai chete mitemo mangwanani yeMiddle Ages, sezvinorondedzerwa mumabhuku aya. Matambudziko anotanga apo vanonyanyisa kuda kushandisa yechinyakare dzidziso kune muvanhu mazuva ano, izvo kare zvakachinjira.

Tichifunga kusiyana chinyorwa chebhuku uye maitiro kwavatendi kwemazana emakore paiva dzenzvimbo siyana. Vari yavo nenzira akadudzira Magwaro, izvo zvakaita kuti "hondo kutenda."

dambudziko iri haana kugadzirisa chose nhasi, asi sei zvishoma akavandudzika. "Chechi itsva" vanhasi zvikuru vachifunga nyika ungano nehombodo womuprista pane kukunda Vatsauki yomukati.

The chitendero yekare Slavs

Nhasi pamusoro munharaunda Russian Federation anogona kuonekwa sendarama kare zvitendero, uye monotheistic dzenzvimbo. Asi vainamata madzitateguru edu pakutanga?

Chitendero Ancient Russia nhasi anonzi rokuti "zvechihedheni". Izvi pfungwa Christian kureva kutenda vamwe vanhu. Over nguva zvazova zvishoma ane pejorative yokureva.

Nhasi, kuedza kuitwa kuti vadzorere zvitendero yekare yose. VokuEurope, asagadzirazve kutenda vaCelt, akadana zviito zvavo "tsika". MuRussia, vakagamuchira zita "hama", "necheSalvic-Aryans", "Rodnovers" uye vamwe.

Ndezvipi zvinotisimbisa nezvinhu uye rubatsiro kuti umutse mafufu necheSalvic nyika yekare? Chekutanga, ndicho mabhuku pazvivako, akadai "bhuku Veles" uye "Lay." Pane zvinotaurwa dzimwe mhemberero, mazita uye unhu vanamwari vakasiyana-siyana.

Uyezve, pane zvakawanda zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo, iyo inoratidza pachena cosmogony madzitateguru edu.

Supreme vamwari vakanga vakasiyana mune marudzi akasiyana. Over nguva dzinounzwa Perun, mwari kutinhira, uye Veles. Uyewo kazhinji rinowanikwa basa nanambuya Rod. Places kunamata vanamwari anonzi "temberi" uye riri musango kana pamusoro rwizi mabhanga. Vanoisa yematanda uye ibwe zvivezwa. Kuuya kunyengetera uye zvibayiro.

Saka, mudikani vaverengi, nhasi tinoudzwa kuti izwi akadai chitendero. Uyezve, takasangana pamwe siyana zvitendero yekare.

Rombo rakanaka kwamuri, shamwari dzangu. Iva anoshivirira mumwe!