Chokunze rukoko nemasero. Biology: sechivako chirimwa muchitokisi, dunhu

The masero kuti vanoumba zvinyama pamusoro kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka, kunokosha kusiyana saizi, chimiro, constituent okunze. Zvisinei, vose vane kufanana vakawanda kurondedzera kukura, kupanana upenyu, kushatirwa, unyanzvi variability kukura. Next, funga zvikuru nemamiriro chirimwa sero (Table chikuru zvinoriumba vachapiwa panopera nyaya).

Brief Historical Background

Achishandisa osmotic kuvhunduka muna 1925 Gorter uye Grendel akamuka maturo anoshongwa masero matsvuku eropa, ravo vanonzi "mumvuri". Vari zvaita murwi unosvika kuva wemagazini, kutsanangura kwavo pemvura nharaunda. Lipids vakatsaurwa vachishandisa acetone. Uyewo, uwandu matsvuku masero por chikwata nzvimbo akanga akatsunga. Pasinei nechokwadi ari Masvomhu yakaendeswa netsaona zvakarurama mugumisiro, uye kuzarura lipid bilayer.

Vhuṱanzi

Kudzidza zvinyama kukura uye kukura chinobatanidza kasvisto uye fauna of anobata zvipenyu. The nemamiriro chirimwa Sero chisinganzwisisiki matatu inokosha chokuita mumwe zvinoriumba:

• Core. Zvinonzi akaparadzaniswa kubva cytoplasm achishandisa porous membrane. Rine nucleolus, kuti muto renyukireya uye chromatin.
• The cytoplasm uye kunzwisisa kushandiswa ezvirevo - organelles. Ekupedzisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira plastids, mitochondria, lysosomes uye Golgi midziyo, sero centre. Organelles vanongogara varipo. Kunze izvi, panewo duku inotungamirwa, inonzi inclusions.
• The mamiriro, izvo anoumba pemvura - the goko of chirimwa muchitokisi.

Zvakakurukurwa mudziyo pamusoro

Ita leukocytes uye masero unicellular zvipenyu bhachi zvinopa kupinda mvura, ions, mamorekuru duku dzimwe yeimwe. A mutoo umo kupinda zvokufonongonwa nezvimedu, inonzi phagocytosis. Kana isu tiwane donhwe emura yeimwe, tinotaura pinocytosis.

organelles

Ivo varipo vari mumasero eukaryotic. With organelles chokuita zvoutachiona transformations kuti kuitika muchitokisi. cover zvavo kaviri diaphragm - plastids uye mitochondria. Ivo ane DNA yavo, uyewo muchina synthesizes puroteni. Propagation ari kuitwa kukamuka. Muna mitochondria, kunze ATP, puroteni iri synthesized mune diki zvakawanda. Plastids varipo vari chirimwa mumasero. kubereka yavo anoitwa kukamuka.

Kamudzira

Tofunga kuti rokunze rukoko masero - a cytoplasm. The Kamudzira iri kwakavharwa nenyama samolecular marongerwo. Chokunze rukoko masero anonzi pamusoro midziyo, izvo zviri mupanda kubva kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza. Pane akasiyana mashandiro anoita muchitokisi membrane. Mumwe mukuru mabasa ndiyo inonzi kuvimbika yose maatomu akafanana. Inside sechivako vari kuuya, achibatanidzwawo kamuri iri dzinonzi nezvikamu. Izvi nzvimbo vakavhara inonzi organelles kana nezvikamu. Inside pavo vanotsigirwa zvimwe zvinhu. Sero Kamudzira kushanda anosanganisira mutemo exchange pakati svikiro uye sero.

Kamudzira

Chii sechivako sero Kamudzira? Cell Kamudzira - a bilayer (kaviri) pakati mamorekuru ari lipid mukirasi. Vazhinji vavo chinomiririra kunzwisisa mhando lipids - phospholipids. In mamorekuru varipo hydrophobic (muswe) uye (musoro) mugove hydrophilic. Apo masero kuumbwa goko, pemiswe nechomukati uye musoro - negwara risiri. Kamudzira - iri invariabelnye marongerwo. mhuka Sero casing ane zvakawanda kufanana chete chinhu kasvisto. The Kamudzira ukobvu - Unorudzi 7-8 nm. Biological rokunze rukoko masero inosanganisira siyana proteinaceous yeimwe: poluintegralnye (imwe magumo kunyudzwa kuruvanze lipid kana yomukati rukoko), musimboti (azara) pemvura (yakabatana yomukati panhivi kana ari kunze). mapuroteni Several ari abutting pfungwa yacho Kamudzira uye mukati muchitokisi cytoskeleton uye rusvingo rwokunze (kana aripo). Vamwe chinokosha kubatana kuita basa Ion migero, akasiyana-siyana receptors uye transporters.

unodzivirira basa

Sechivako sero Kamudzira zvikuru anosarudza kwayakaita. Kunyanya, Kamudzira ane permeability anyatsosarudza. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ukuru permeability ose mamorekuru kuburikidza Kamudzira kunobva saizi yavo, makemikari ehupfumi, zvemagetsi muripo. Huru basa anoitwa rokunze wokutanga masero, rinonzi nokuidzivirira. Nokuda zviri akapa zvokusarudza, chinjika, vanoshingaira uye pusa mukutsinhana kwezvakatipoteredza yeimwe. Somuenzaniso, peroxisomes bhachi anotidzivirira kubva ngozi peroxides cytoplasm.

senga

Kuburikidza rokunze musero paiva kuchinja zvinhu. Nokuda chokufambisa akapa hurukuro zvinovaka muviri, kubviswa kuguma zvibereko muitiro zvokutsinhanisa, ari secretion-siyana zvinhu, paumbwe Ionic ingredients. Uyezve, sero akaramba Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ph uye mumisasa kuti ions zvakakodzera kuti enzayemu. Kana aida nezvimedu chero zvikonzero, haangaupfuuri kubudikidza bilayer kuti phospholipids Somuenzaniso, nokuda hydrophilic ehupfumi nokuti Kamudzira riri hydrophobic mukati, kana nokuda kwavo guru saizi, vanogona kuyambuka Kamudzira pachishandiswa anokosha transporters (transporters mapuroteni) nokuda endocytosis kana mapurotini makwara. In nedanho pusa chokufambisa remubatanidzwa kuedzwe chokunze rukoko masero pasina simba rakawanda nokuda diffusion pasi wevasungwa gradient. Mumwe musiyano uyu muitiro ichaongororwa kuti zviite kuti Implementation. Panyaya iyi, nefuma kunobatsira masero kuyambuka rokunze rukoko nezvatinenge Morekuru. Kungava aripo nzira inokwanisa kuparadzira mumwe chete mhando nenhumbi. Nokuti rinoita senga kunoda simba. Izvi imhaka yokuti sangano iri iyi kwaitika shure wevasungwa gradient. On the Kamudzira muchiitiko ichi pane chinokosha pombi mapuroteni, kusanganisira ATPase, iyo achishingaira pumped kupinda muchitokisi uye potassium ions, yavaibvisa pombi.

Other mabasa

Chokunze paiva sero anoita munhu chizvaro chaitika. Izvi zvinoguma imwe yakawiriranwa nzvimbo uye dzidziso pamusoro Kamudzira mapuroteni yeimwe vavo optimum kudyidzana. Nokuda zvokuimba basa inopiwa masero zvionera uye dzimwe nhengo, uyewo maererano nemamwe masero. Zvikuru munyika iyi vamiririri nemiti vane hurongwa rusvingo. In mhuka, achivimbisa kuti zvokuimba basa kunobva intercellular fuma. The membranes anoshanda uye simba nematambudziko. In nedanho photosynthesis mune chloroplasts uye cellular afemeruke mu mitochondria avo masvingo kusashanda ne simba chinja maitiro. In izvi, sezvo dzimwe nguva zhinji, mapurotini unobatanidzwa. It anonzi chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha Kanotokonya chaitika. Vamwe mapuroteni kuti zvinowanika Kamudzira vari receptors. Nokuda mamorekuru izvi sero rinogona kugamuchira izvi kana zvimwe zviratidzo. Somuenzaniso, steroids, achiparadzira kuburikidza muropa, simba chete avo chipfuro masero kuti vane receptors unoenderana mumwe kana vamwe mahormone. Panewo neurotransmitters. mishonga izvi zvinopa chido chacho hutachiwana. Vanewo link zvimwe chipfuro mapurotini. kazhinji Membrane zvinoriumba vari makemikari. Nokudaro enzymatic kushanda muchitokisi membrane. The yeplasma membranes pamusoro intestinal epithelial masero chipo zvomudumbu yeimwe. Chokunze rukoko masero vanowanika uye akabata biopotentials.

Kuwanda ions

Kushandisa Kamudzira richitsigirwa romukati zviri ions K + ari kupfuura kunze, pamwero. Kuwanda Na + ari dzinokwanisa kuvatumwa kunze. Izvi zvikuru kukosha sezvo zvinogona musiyano saka inopiwa pamadziro uye chizvarwa tsinga zvatinganzwa.

chokuguma

Present pamusoro Kamudzira maantigen, izvo ave vamwe "kunotoda". Chichatara unokubvumira kuziva sero. Glycoproteins - mapuroteni yacho kwavari oligosaccharide mapazi divi ngetani - kuridza basa "antennas". Sezvo zvisingaverengeki configurations rutivi ngetani anogona kuva nerimwe boka masero kuti chiratidzo chavo. Achibatsirwa izvi zvinoitika kuziva dzimwe zvinhu, uyewo, vakwanise kuita konzati. Izvi zvinoitika, somuenzaniso, paumbwe nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri. Maererano ichi chete mashandiro rinoitwa basa rokuzvidzivirira kuziva dzimwe maantigen.

Kuronga uye Structure

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, sero membranes ine phospholipids. Zvisinei, kunze marongerwo aripo remafuta akawandisa uye glycolipids. Ekupedzisira ndiwo lipids yacho navo makabhohaidhiretsi. Glyco- uye phospholipids, kunyanya achiumba sero masvingo, akaumbwa 2 carbohydrate refu "miswe" hydrophobic. Vari chokuita hydrophilic, mhosva "musoro". Nokuda kuvapo remafuta akawandisa Kamudzira ane zvakakodzera nenhanho Rigidity. Mukomboni inoremekedzwa nzvimbo pakati hydrophobic lipid miswe, nokudaro zvichiita vakafugama yavo. Panyaya iyi, membranes avo umo zvishoma remafuta akawandisa, zvikuru kuchinja uye munyoro, uye kupi zvakare, nekusiyana, mukuru Rigidity uye fragility pamadziro. Uyezve, mukomboni anoita se kumisa kudzivisa kwebasa masero muchitokisi polar mamorekuru. Zvikuru kukosha vari mapuroteni kuti zvinopfuura Kamudzira uye vane basa rayo ehupfumi siyana. Kana kuti goko hwomuti sero chinorondedzerwa nenzira kwayo sezvamunoita uye dzidziso kwemapurotini.

pamusoro annular lipids

yeimwe ava pedyo puroteni. Zvisinei, zviri annular lipids zvikuru streamlined uye zvishoma Mobile. In sezvamunoita yavo ine mafuta acids pamwe yakakwirira saturation. Lipids kubva membranes pamwe proteinaceous akakura. Pasina chinhu annular Kamudzira mapuroteni hadzishandi. Kazhinji asymmetrical nevamwe. Nemamwe mashoko, ikoku kunoreva kuti akaturikidzana akasiyana Zvinoumba lipids. Vari kunze rine kunyanya glycolipids, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholine, fosfatidilnozitol. In yomukati rukoko parizvino fosfatidilnozitol, phosphatidylethanolamine uye phosphatidylserine. Kuchinja kubva pamwero mumwe mamorekuru chaiwo yakaoma zvikuru. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvingava zvakanaka kuitika nomuzvarirwo. Izvi zvinoitika inenge kamwe mwedzi mitanhatu ose. Kuchinja rinogonawo kupedzwa uchishandisa mapuroteni-Flippase uye skramblazy. Kana rokunze wokutanga fosatidilserila, macrophages tora rwokudzivirira nzvimbo uye zvokudya basa ravo muchitokisi kuparadzwa.

organelles

zvikamu izvi zvinogona kuvharwa kana kuroorwa uye waakaita kune mumwe, akaparadzaniswa nevanhu membranes hyaloplasm. Odnomembrannymi organelles vaiona periksisomy, vacuoles, lysosomes, Golgi midziyo, endoplasmic reticulum. By dvumembrannym zvinosanganisira plastids, mitochondria, neerekitironi. Kana sechivako membranes, organelles kuti vane rusvingo zvakasiyana zvisingapindirani murwiyo kwemapurotini uye lipids.

permeability anyatsosarudza

Kuburikidza Sero membranes zvishoma diffuse mafuta uye amino acids, ions uye glycerol, shuga. Pakazoti masvingo pachavo nokushingaira masero nokuisa mumwe uye kunonoka zvimwe zvinhu. Nokuti kubvuma kuti mukomboni, pane zvina mashandiro chikuru muchitokisi. Izvi zvinosanganisira endo- kana exocytosis, kushingaira chokufambisa, osmosis uye diffusion. Okupedzisira maviri vane pusa uye haatarisiri simba zvekushandisa. Asi miviri yokutanga - zvinoshingaira. Kwavari, simba kunodiwa. In pusa senga permeability zvokusarudza akaita chinokosha mapuroteni - chaiwo makwara. The Kamudzira iri zvapararira navo kuburikidza. Mipata iyi vanoumba kuti vanopfuura mumwe mhando. Mapuroteni vane zvinhu zvavo Cl, Na, K. With Panyaya wevasungwa gradient, kuti morekuru akatakurwa sangano zvinhu muchitokisi kwazviri. Tikafunga kutsamwa kune Huro yavaibvisa Ion makwara. Ivowo, tanga nokukurumidza kupinda sero. Izvi pamwe ane kusaenzana mune Kamudzira mukana. Zvisinei, pashure pokunge anonaya. Potassium channel kuramba yakazaruka nguva dzose. Ions vanopinda sero kuburikidza navo zvishoma nezvishoma.

In mhedziso

Pazasi pane pfupi mabasa uye nemamiriro chirimwa muchitokisi. The tafura munewo mashoko Dhavhidhi angave akanyorerei uye zvipenyu maatomu akafanana.