Protolytic Dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko Bronsted-Lowry

Protolytic Dzidziso acids nezvigadziko zviri vava kuda sayenzi maviri - wefizikisi uye kemisitiri. Narwo rinorondedzera zvivako uye hunhu Zvingoro uye acids. Masayendisiti ari rakakamurwa makirasi maviri zvinhu kuti anosangana mumwe.

Basa dzidziso

Protolytic Dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko kubatsira kugadzirisa inokosha basa: kufungidzira iyo zvigadzirwa vari aumba somugumisiro nekuita kwavo uye kuti achatora nzvimbo ino kuita. Kuti aite izvi, penyanzvi kushandisa quantitative uye Qualitative maitiro acids uye zvigadziko.

Saka pane zvakawanda dzidziso dzinonzi zvakasiyana akadudzira kuti kwakadaro asidhi uye chawo. In dzakasiyana ivo vanoongorora dzavo mamwe maitiro. Pakupedzisira napo chii chichava mugumisiro nemapinduriro.

Chemical hurongwa

Protolytic Dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko dzakakurumbira chaizvo, kana uchida kuziva kuti anosangana zvakasikwa. Zvinonzi zvinowanzoshandiswa maindasitiri tsika uye nesayenzi. Yokungotaura ruzivo migumisiro nekuita ose acids uye nezvigadziko Conceptual nehurongwa kuona paumbwe kemisitiri kukanganisa siyana yokungotaura pfungwa munenge munyika dzose nemakemikari anoranga.

Kushanduka ruzivo pamusoro aiita kuti acids uye nezvigadziko

Protolytic Dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko rinoreva mumwe inokosha kemisitiri. Pfungwa Key vakatanga akagadzira nemasayendisiti XVII remakore. Panyaya iyi, zviri pashure kasingaperi achinja uye yakadzokororwa.

Chirungu kemisiti XVII remakore Robert Boyle aidavira kuti acids ndiwo muviri, maatomu iyo vane unopinza miganhu uye nechepasi - ndiko pores dzavo. Saka, anoona, zvose pasi neutralization maitiro ipfupi chokuti asidhi dzakawanda kupinda munzvimbo pores Zvingoro.

Kokutanga Dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko kuitwa wezvinonhuhwira French Nicolas Lemery. Muna 1675, akasunungura "Chemistry Course", iro vaiudzwa kupendwa zvemakemikari uye zvivako zviri zvinhu kwakavakirwa chimiro chavo uye mamiriro panyama. Lemaire vakafungidzira kuti acids vane unopinza yakatesvera panyanga dzacho, nokuda zvisingafadzi nezvekufadza izvo inomuka pamusoro ganda. Nhandare akadana alkalis, zvichireva kuti avo porous maumbirwo. The zvichiguma kwazvakarerekera munyu aumba.

Atova XVIII remakore, mumwe musayendisiti French Lavoisier Antaun akarondedzera ehupfumi pakuvapo acids zvavo Zvinoumba okisijeni maatomu. The kusawirirana akaratidza pfungwa iyi, mushure Chirungu kemisiti Gemfri Devi vake ishamwari French, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac akaratidza vanoverengeka acids dzinenge dzisina oxygen. Pakati pavo vane halides kana hydrocyanic acid. Saka zvakanzi akawana vazhinji okisijeni tubhokisi yeimwe izvo vasina ehupfumi acids.

pfungwa ano

Pfungwa protolytic dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko hwachinja yekudyidzana muna XIX remakore. MaKemisiti simbi acids vanofungidzira chete zvinhu idzo vanokwanisa kuwadzana simbi uye kusunungura rehydrogen. mhedziso Ndivo yakasvika nokuda German musayendisiti Justo of Liebig muna 1839. It anonzi mumwe havaoni ose Agricultural Chemistry uye Organic Chemistry.

In zvinofambirana pamwe Swedish mineralogist Jens Jakob Berzelius akagadzira pfungwa kuti inofanira kubatwa acids kune akaipa vasiri esimbi oxides, nepo oxide uine mutariri ane zvigadziko. Izvi zvakabatsira kutsanangura dzinokosha zvivako zviri acids uye zvigadziko. Ndokusaka acidic uye zvinokosha Swede aionekwa somunhu dzichipfekeka ehupfumi ari yeimwe. Ndiye wokutanga munyika akaita kuedza kufungidzira pakupedzisira mugumisiro zvinhu tiri kufunga.

The chikuru zvokudya protolytic dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko vave akagadzira pashure basa rimwe kemisiti Swedish Svante Arrhenius. Muna 1887, akapfupikisa magetsi dissociation dzidziso. Inoteverwa chaiyo wokuti kutsanangura zvivako zviri acids uye nezvigadziko kubvira electrolytes ionization zvigadzirwa. Uye nemhaka mupiro Russian-German kemisiti Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald pfungwa yakanga akagadzira kuti simba electrolytes.

In XX remakore, masayendisiti American Cady, Franklin uye Kraus makateyiwa dzidziso solvosistem. It akatanga kushandiswa sezvo mbuva uye Arruniusa Ostwald, uye noruremekedzo kune vamwe zvokufembedzwa zvose aigona samodissotsiirovatsya.

Today Protolytic Dzidziso acids zvizere articulated Dane Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted uye American Gilbert N. Lewis, uyo mubasa wefizikisi yenyukireya uye wethermodynamics.

Dzidziso Liebig

Maererano dzidziso rehydrogen Liebig asidhi chinhu fuma anokwanisa sei pamwe simbi kubva hydrogen aumba. Panyaya iyi, pfungwa "hwaro" Liebig haana kupinda zvachose.

Rehydrogen uye munyu inoumbwa ne kuita. By maitiro pamwe simba acids zviratidzwa kuita simbi. Nhasi dzidziso iri chete kushandiswa kufanotaura aiita kuti zvinhu zvine rehydrogen, pamwe simbi iri solvent.

Dzidziso Arrhenius-Ostwald

Kuongorora zviri protolytic dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko Arrhenius - Ostwald, cherechedza kuti pane zvose acids zvinhu izvo zviri aqueous mhinduro kuumbika rehydrogen cations. Saka zvigadziko chete zvinhu izvo vari aqueous mhinduro akawana simbi nokuo- nga kana Ammonium.

The zvichiguma zvakaitwa unobereka mvura uye munyu. Pane vajairira, kana vakaita pamwe simba acids pamwe simba zvigadziko. Pahwaro dzidziso iyi aigona kupembedza weboka electrolytes, uyewo vakatsunga ph mutengo wakatangwa, iro rinoshanda alkaline kwezvakatipoteredza. Uyewo, rinoshandiswa mune hydrolysis kuti munyu uye zvigadziko zvine munyu. Zvisinei, zvishoma uye zvishoma. Chokwadi kuti zvinoda yainetsa Masvomhu. Nepo hwepurotoni dzidziso nyore zvikuru.

Fungidziro Bronsted-Lowry

Protolytic Dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko Bronsted - Lowry itange hwakatangwa muna 1923. Bronsted Lowry yaro akagadzira yakazvimiririra. Masayendisiti akabatana pfungwa acids uye zvigadziko pamwechete.

Maererano kumifananidzo dzavo, acids - vari mamorekuru kana ions kuti ushande mukupindura basa hwepurotoni vaipa. Panguva iyoyowo chete zvigadziko idzodzo mamorekuru kana ions anogona batanidza protons. In dzidziso iri acids uye nezvigadziko tine protolytes tsananguro. Chii ndiwo?

Protolytic Dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko muna Chemistry airarama hwepurotoni kuchinjwa kubva asidhi kusvikira chawo. Uyezve, panguva asidhi iyi kunyimwa hwepurotoni, zvinoitika pacharo muvhu. Uye pamwe, zvakare, vaifanira mupanda Purotoni itsva. Mujinga nguva ino kwava acid, pova protonated PARTICIPLE.

Saka, chero kuonana kudyidzana pakati zvinhu zvaisanganisira maviri maviri nezvigadziko uye acids. Bronsted anovadana iyo boka richitora mazamu. Ndivo dzinokosha gadziriro anotibvumira kuzoumba Protolytic dzidziso acids uye zvigadziko. Protolytic kuitike nenzira mbiri panguva imwe chete, nokuti chero fuma, zvichienderana nemamiriro uye anogona kuva asidhi uye chawo.

Gare gare akava dzidziso Bronsted asidhi-nechigadziko catalysis, uye Lowry vaishanda Manyiminya basa Organic yeimwe.

dzidziso solvosistem

Solvosistem pfungwa akazviratidza panguva kukura pfungwa Arayirwa Arrhenius uye Ostwald. Kakawanda rinoshandiswa maitiro pamwe protic zvokufembedzwa. Vakabayira matatu vokuAmerica wake - Cady, Franklin uye Kraus.

Maererano pfungwa iyi, yakavakirwa zvachose Ion nhema solvent. It anokwanisa kuputsa akakwira nomumwe ions tisina solvent. Panyaya iyi, iyo nokuo- nga uye anion. Pakazoti wokutanga Ion ndiye lithium uye yechipiri - Ion Liat. Sokushandiswa maitiro protic solvent vanokwanisa tama hwepurotoni chero kwazvakarerekera mamorekuru ane mvura kune mumwe. Nokudaro pokubatana wakaenzana uwandu anions uye cations.

Zvinobikwa ichi kuita anova solvent uye munyu.

Dzidziso iyi inoshandiswa kufungidzira zvinoitwa pakati acids uye nezvigadziko zviri zvokufembedzwa zvose. Zvinogonekawo kudzora azvaiitwa vachishandisa solvent. Dzidziso rinotsanangura nemashoko akadzama ehupfumi kuti zvinhu ane hapana okisijeni uye rehydrogen.

Lewis dzidziso

Lewis dzidziso akagadzira muna 1923. Kwakavakirwa zvinowanikwa panguva mune zvesayenzi, zvemagetsi pasi. Kuvashandisa aigona maximize kusarudza chawo uye acid.

In kemesitiri pane izwi "Lewis asidhi". Ion ichi kana Morekuru iro rine vakasununguka Erekitironi orbitals, izvo zvinogona kugamuchira Erekitironi yezvinoita. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiyo protons - rehydrogen ions uye ions mamwe nesimbi, uye vamwe munyu fuma.

Kana Lewis asidhi haisi rehydrogen, kunonzi aprotic.

dzidziso Mikhail Usanovich

Maximally mukuru Dzidziso acids uye nezvigadziko muna 1939 akagadzira reSoviet kemisiti Mihail Usanovich.

Zvinonzi inobva papfungwa yokuti kudyidzana pakati chero asidhi uye chawo hunotungamirira salification maitiro. Saka, imwe asidhi rinorondedzerwa so PARTICIPLE pachayo wakanamatira kubva cations, kusanganisira protons, uye kuti atore pamusoro pachinzvimbo anions uye zvikurukuru maerekitironi.

Panguva iyoyowo, nechigadziko chinhu PARTICIPLE anokwanisa kuisa pacharo Purotoni kana zvimwe nokuo- nga. Asi kunogona kupa Erekitironi kana anion. Chinokosha musiyano kubva Lewis pfungwa iri kuti hwaro tsanangudzo "chawo" uye "asidhi" haisi nemamiriro Erekitironi goko, uye chiratidzo vebasa PARTICIPLE.

In dzidziso Mikhail Usanovich pane zvinokanganiswa. Chief pakati pavo - vakawanda kunanga uye kujeka akasiyana dzinokosha pfungwa. Uyezve, dzidziso iyi haabvumiri kupa quantitative Kufembera migumisiro kudyidzana pakati acids uye zvigadziko.