China njanji. Uye mukuru-nokukurumidza railways China

Dzidzisai kufamba mu China - mumwe yokutanga modes pakufamba zvose pamusoro pedyo uye refu-daro. Track kwezvivako kunokudziridzwa kwazvo uye ane high quality. Nokuti pakurigadzira uye kuvandudzika akatora makore akawanda, uye mari. Railway kubva China ane uchikurukura chokufambisa mugadziriro Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, North Korea.

History of njanji

In siyana nhoroondo yakareba njanji kuvakwa muna China zvakanzi kuitwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Muna 1876 zvakanzi yakavakwa padandemutande rokutanga unobatanidza Shanghai pamwe Usuns.

Muna 1881 kwakasarudzwa kuvaka mugwagwa kureba makiromita gumi kubva kudunhu kusvika kugarwa Tszytan Shantsuan Suyge. Munguva kubva 1876 kusvika 1911 munyika dzakavakwa makwara, wakareba chakanga 9100? Km. Muna 1912, pfungwa njanji kuvakwa wokutanga dzichitaurwa. Pakazosvika 1949, nokureba jira munyika yakasvika 26.200? Km.

In Old China, kuvakwa kwaisanyatsooneka kumhanya, mune miduku uye kbps. Canvas akaisa ainyanya pamhenderekedzo. Kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero uye kuchamhembe-kumavirira nyika vasina njanji. Nzira dzakanga yarega muzvikamu uye kudzora zvakasiyana masangano.

Apo New China yakaonekwa Bazi Railways, ari Office iyo akayambuka zvose njanji mabasa. purogiramu basa iri kuvakwa uye kunaya pamakwara uye mabhiriji akasikwa. Dzakabudirira China Railway yawedzera 1996, uye kureba kwaro kwakasvika 64.900? Km. Kuvaka uye kugadzira pazviteshi, vakawedzera kugadzirwa Diesel locomotives, dzemagetsi locomotives, mutakurwi mota.

Pakazosvika 2013, kureba njanji ndiyo 103 144? Km. Somugumisiro shanduko wakawedzera kugona kumhanya kufamba nezvitima. Mavhoriyamu vakawedzera kuti mitoro uye mutakurwi motokari, vakawedzera arambe achirema pamusoro nezvitima.

Pakazosvika 2020, hurumende akaronga kuvaka anopfuura 120,000? Km kubva pamakwara. Railway kuvakwa muna China yakananga Khabarovsk. Uyezve, chirongwa kuti zvichaita kubatanidza South Xinjiang Chinese painting pamwe Kyrgyzstan.

Scheme njanji

Zvino China njanji kwezvivako ndechimwe chezvinhu dzakabudirira. Pakureba migwagwa munyika pari kuruoko anopfuura 110 000? Km. Zvizhinji pfungwa rwakabhadharwa kuna kukura njanji kuvakwa muna pachiteshi munzvimbo uye kumavirira, vanyura yakaoma.

Vagari mu China iri vanoiswa kuparadzirwa, uye-soro arambe achirema Zano Railways of China riri kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero uye kumabvazuva kunyika. Kufukidza nharaunda yose Republic gang pomumbure kunowedzera, michina mitsva zviri kuziviswa.

kupatsanura pakati nezvitima

In China, vakawanda muchitima zvinoratidzwa tsamba uye nhamba. Tsamba rinoratidza muchikwata yacho chitima. Muchitima muchikwata kunokanganisa nokukurumidza, basa, nhamba kwamira.

• Dzidzisai mhando «G» - bara kungakanganisa aimhanya kusvika 350 km / h.
• Dzidzisai mhando «D» - akurumidze, ayo kumhanya ari 200 km / h, kufamba rinomira chete panguva huru yemapurisa. The chitima rine ngoro rokutanga, kirasi yechipiri, pane mibhedha.
• Dzidzisai mhando «Z» - anoenda pasina kwamira, kukurumidza hwapedyo 160 km / h, anodzivira panguva huru zvechitima. Kazhinji, izvi ndiko chitima usiku, inoitwa nemotokari reserved zvigaro uye nezvikamu.
• Dzidzisai «T» mhando - Express, ayo kumhanya rinosvika 140 km / h, anodzivira mumaguta makuru uye zvifambiso zvechitima. The chitima ngoro vane sessile, pekugara zvigaro uye nezvikamu.
• Dzidzisai mhando «K» - ane pamusoro kumhanya 120 km / h, anodzivira mumaguta makuru nemisha. Rine zvigaro motokari uye pokugara nezvigaro.
• Zvitima pasina tsamba - No Prefix, zvinosanganisira yakare chivako ane pamwero yakaderera chaizvo.

Makirasi nezvitima

Motokari iri Chinese nezvitima unogona kukamurwa 4 mhando (makirasi).

• Soft akarara - ichi coupe kaviri kana quadruple.
• Hard yokurara - a coupe pamwe echiShinto matanhatu.
• Soft agere.
• Hard nokugara.

The zvitima kuti mhando «D» ariko pfungwa "wokutanga chigaro uye boka rechipiri," musiyano pakati pavo ndiye chigaro nyaradzo.

High-nokukurumidza nezvitima

China kuramba kukura dynamically, unofanira kukurumidza uye zviri nyore kufamba. Kuti izvi zviitike, hurumende iri kuita zvose zvinobvira. Chimwe chezvinhu pamwero mukuru kwezvivako zvivako ndiyo kuvaka China dzakakwirira-nokukurumidza Network. It ane yakafara zvezvinotaurwa, kufukidza rakakura nzvimbo munyika uye ndechimwe chezvinhu chinzvimbo munyika. Uyewo, kuti riwedzere nokuda kuvaka mitsetse iyi yaiva yeOlympic muna 2007.

Zvikurukuru, mukuru-nokukurumidza njanji mu China hunovakirwa piers - vane chimiro kureba mazana makiromita ane mabhiriji. Nokumhanya nechitima uri Paavhareji 200 km / h. Kureba nzira dzakadaro prc they yakasvika 15 400? Km pakazopera 2013. On kuchiteshi pane dzine kufadza kumhanya muchitima angatanga kusvika 350 km / h.

In China, pane zvinotevera kupatsanura edzinza nokukurumidza:

• Normal (100-120 km / awa).
• Svikiro nokukurumidza (120-160 km / awa).
• High nokukurumidza (160-200 km / awa).
• High-nokukurumidza (200-400 km / awa).
• Ultra mukuru (anopfuura 400 km / h).

yomumakomo mutsetse

Vaka dzemakomo njanji muna China, kutanga muna 1984. First nyanzvi nyore chikamu, uye muna 2001 vakatanga kukura kunzwisisa chidimbu. Muzhizha ra2006 chakazarura kupfuura makomo njanji munyika - mashoko Qinghai-Tibet. It chinobatanidza China pamwe Tibet, kureba kwarwo 1956? Km. Kureba nzira urefu 1142? Km mu pemipata nomumakomo. About 550? Km njanji mutsetse yakateyiwa Zvikwenzi achinaya mvura rokufambira, chepamusorosoro pakukwirira mugwagwa rinosvika 5072 metres pamusoro pegungwa.

Vakatakurwa panguva rwendo Musavavhunduka zviratidzo kukwira kurwara, sezvo ngoro dziri chisimbiso, uye mhepo kunowedzerwa pamwe okisijeni iri motokari, pane kudzivirirwa rezuva nemwaranzi.

Padunhu achinaya mvura chitima zvinofamba ari kumhanya 100 km / awa, musi vamwe nzira chitima aienda ari kumhanya 120 km / h.

Railway kubva China kuna Tibet inopa mudanga richibatanidza States. Kuderedza mikana uye vaipa mukurumbira wayo kwete chete nokuti vanhu venyika idzi, asiwo vashanyi.

Railroads Hainan

China dzakakwirira-nokukurumidza njanji dzinokudziridzwa kwete chete pamusoro yakaoma, asi pazvitsuwa. Interesting uye yakasiyana kuvaka Hainan Island. Railroad pamusoro munda uyu mhete riri pamadiro akakamurwa kumabvazuva nokumavirira sezvikamu. Kureba mhete ndiyo 308? Km. kuvakwa kwayo kumadokero chikamu chacho kwakaitika imwe yakaoma Hondo Yenyika II. It rakavakwa muzvikamu. Pakupedzisira, basa zvichaita chete kupedzwa ne 2004. Muna 2006-2007, rakachengetedzwa modernized, uye zvino anoshumira nezvitima kune mukuru-kukurumidza kugona kuti 120-160 km / h. Muna 2007 pane kubatana njanji chitsuwa kuti yakaoma achishandisa chikepe.

Kuvakwa anorwonzi muruoko kumabvazuva kwechitsuwa chacho chakatanga mukupera 2007, kunyorwa muna 2010, uye mugore iroro, chikamu mhete rechipiri hwakaiswa kushanda.

Zvinoumba Chinese Railways

In China, pane nzira chaiyo kuwana pachikuva. Enda kurovedza chete panguva yayo pasi. At nhepfenyuro, izvo parinopfuura pasina kumbomira, vanogona kuonekwa kushumira chete yemapurisa.

In China, murombo chokufambisa Links nyika dzakavakidzana. Pasinei chokwadi kuti pane kuburikidza mugwagwa uye huripo kwezvivako, yakazova kubva China akavhara muganhu uye kufamba netsoka.

Kutenga tikiti muchitima anewo pachake zvachiri. matikiti All vanotengeswa mu China chete pamberi nokuzivikanwa magwaro. Guest nyika tikiti anogona chete kutengwa panguva bhokisi kuhofisi. Kana iwe kutenga muchina unofanira Chinese ID-kadhi.

Pane zvinenge hapana Republic motokari.

Railway nenhepfenyuro mumaguta

Chinese njanji zviteshi vane hwezuva mapurani uye akafanana nomumwe. The chete kunze ndiwo yekare platforms mumataundi maduku kana mumaguta ane nhoroondo kare.

New nhepfenyuro akavaka zvikurukuru pamusoro nechokunze kwomusha. Huripo njanji mitsetse kubva pakati zvivako zvekare kuparadzwa kana achiona pedutu. Chinese nhepfenyuro ingafananidzwa yendege - vava makuru, akashongedzerwa pamwe kwezvivako uye zvakawanda zvese.

In China, hazvibviri kuti kusvika chitima chezvitima pasina tikiti chete vamwe shoma chaizvo zvekutepfenyura. Asi yekare njanji dzemapurisa pachikuva asati pavakakwira vanopfuura zvinogona nokuti chinangwa ichi muhofisi vanofanira kutenga tikiti chaiyo. Rinopa kodzero kugara papuratifomu, asi kwete kunyika muchitima.

Russia-China

Tichigadzira nzira China iri nhoroondo chokuita Russia. Muna 1897, vakatanga kuvaka Chinese Eastern Railway (Cer), rinova kumaodzanyemba bazi iri Trans-Siberian Railway. Munguva kubva 1917 kusvika 1950, somugumisiro zvechiuto uye enyika nezviito, iye akachinjirwa China uye havasisipo. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1952. Asi akazviratidza panyika mepu Chinese Changchun Railway.

Munguva pfupi yakazova China-Russia wana mukurumbira. The chirongwa of Eurasian kumhanya mukoridho ichaita batanidza Beijing uye Moscow. Nzira chichaitwa musi munharaunda Kazakhstan, paaifamba navo achatora mazuva maviri.