Chindingindingi - chindingindingi ndiye ... ari upfumi: zvinokonzerwa, nzira kurwisa uye nhoroondo

Chindingindingi - ndiwo mamiriro musika kana iripo chete chikuru mugadziri vezvinhu kana basa Provider. Akapotsa chose anodzora kugadzirwa mumunda dzavo uye zvinogona zvakananga kufurira mitengo. Monopolist anotsvaka kuchengetedza hukuru chinzvimbo uye kuti maximize purofiti. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, haabvumiri vakwikwidzi pamusoro kumusika uye zvinoisa ezvinhu ayo kunyimwa vatengi rwokusarudza.

Zviratidzo yakaisvonaka chindingindingi

Pazuva kwakakwana monopolization mumusika imwe chigadzirwa (basa) kana indasitiri anogona kutaura kana zvinotevera ezvinhu zvakasangana:

• Pane mutambi guru (kambani, sangano, Union of Manufacturers), izvo chinoita chinokosha chikamu Vhoriyamu kugadzirwa okutengesa;
• Anokwanisa kudzora mutengo nenhumbi nokuchinja bhuku zvitengeswa;
• pamusoro musika hapana zvinhu kana mabasa ayo mutengi aigona kutsiva inobereka chindingindingi;
• imwe kambani itsva kuti aizokwanisa kukwikwidzana aine monopolist, kuti indasitiri hariwaniki.

Saka chindingindingi - ndicho Kudzora kwakakwana ari oga mumunda kana musika wacho chinokosha sangano guru, nokuisa mitemo mutambo yavo kuti vatengi. Nhasi, kusara shoma, zvakadai nevhu rakawandisa "yakanaka" kuvapo chete chaihwoihwo. Pashure zvinokosha zvinhu zvose zvinenge vasiri aripo, uye kushomeka kugoverwa mudzimai pamusika iri ndanyarara hangu ne kupinzwa. Saka, muna ino ezvinhu enyika chindingindingi vanoti kana mumwe kana vatambi guru shoma kudzora pamusika, izvo chinoita chinokosha chikamu Vhoriyamu kugadzirwa.

administrative chindingindingi

The kwaita nevhu rakawandisa mu Russia hunonyatsobatana kuti zviito ehurumende. The guru rokutanga mabhizimisi anofambidzana zvakamuka mukupera XIX remakore kuti zvinodiwa munyika dzakadaro se simbi, michina, zvifambiso uye vamwe. A Chiitiko apo pakagadzwa uye mabasa nevhu rakawandisa inotongwa nehurumende, ainzi Executive (hurumende) chindingindingi.

Panguva iyo hurumende anoita nenzira mbiri. Chekutanga, inopa mamwe vaburitsi oga kodzero yokuita chero basa vakazochinja inosvika zvakashandiswa. Chechipiri, hurumende iri kuvaka marongerwo zvakajeka makambani ehurumende-anazvo. Vakasikwa bhizimisi wemishonga, izvo vanozvidavirira kuna hurumende masangano - mapato uye madhipatimendi. Muenzaniso unoshamisa chakadaro hurongwa ndiye Soviet Union, apo administrative chindingindingi kwakunoitwa pakudzorwa zviremera uye nhaka mamiriro kugadzirwa nzira.

dzinongoitika nevhu rakawandisa

In avo dzine kwaita vagadziri vakawanda hazvibviri, pane zvakasikwa chindingindingi. Izvi zvinoitika nokuti zvarinoroora wekambani rakasiyana chinogona - mbishi zvinhu, midziyo uye Copyright. Izvi mhando chindingindingi uyewo kunoitika mumaindasitiri apo makwikwi ari hunonzi zvinogoneka asi zvinodiwa zvikuru, sezvo kana pasina kwokudiwa zvinogona akasangana zvakanyanya. Sezvo muenzaniso dzinongoitika nevhu rakawandisa kunogona njanji uye simba nerubatsiro makambani, uyewo basa kuti kuronga ine mvura.

upfumi chindingindingi

Zvisinei, kazhinji somunhu nemhaka chindingindingi mitemo chinangwa zvoupfumi. nevhu rakawandisa kwakadaro yemari anogona kunzi kwazvo "akatendeseka" nzira kugara hukuru nzvimbo mumusika. Izvi zvinoitwa nenzira mbiri: wevasungwa kuti guta kana ayo centralization. Muchiitiko chokutanga, kambani anotungamira chikamu purofiti ayo kuwedzera yavo scale, zvishoma nezvishoma inokura uye kunoita ari makwikwi. Nzira yechipiri - yebhizimisi wemishonga kana pakuunganidza ichipererwa vakwikwidzi. Kazhinji chindingindingi ari kuita upfumi kushandisa vaviri nzira idzi.

nezvayakaipira chindingindingi

Vatsoropodzi vanoti nevhu rakawandisa dzavo inokanganisa upfumi nemauto, riri nokuda kwokushayiwa makwikwi. In ezvinhu aya, monopolist anogona kuchinja mutengo uye nechokwadi pachavo kunonyanyisa purofiti. Nemamwe mashoko, chindingindingi - ndicho pamusika zvemakwikwi. Zvinotevera yaivhuvhuta nezviitiko kuchengetwa ari zvakashandiswa indasitiri:

• chigadzirwa Unhu haana nani kubva monopolist hapana chikonzero kushanda mirayiridzo ichi;
• kuwedzera chekambani haibatsiri haina kubudirira nokuderedza mari, asi nokuda mutengo evanhu;
• kudikanwa kusuma michina mitsva uye kuti akurudzire kwesainzi kuri vasipo;
• kutengeswa kune makambani matsva kuti aizosika mabasa;
• vakarongeka kushandiswa kugadzirwa kugona basa vari zvishoma kuwa.

Sei chindingindingi - hako chinhu chakaipa?

Zvisinei, kuti ndiye ari musika ane zvimwe zvakanaka features, izvo anogona kurambwa. Supporters nevhu rakawandisa cherechedza kuti wevasungwa okuwana inopa mikana yakawanda mutengo nemari. Izvi zvinoitwa centralizing vamwe rutsigiro mashandiro - mari, zvokuvakisa, rokutengesa uye nezvimwewo. Uyezve, chete makambani makuru anokwanisa kukwikwidza kuti mari mumabasa itsva uye tsvakurudzo Fund, saka naivowo nesayenzi uye michina mberi.

nhoroondo mienzaniso

Chindingindingi ane yakatangira dzekare, asi zvikuru vanoshingaira kukura iyi anga ari XIX remakore. In yechipiri yezana chindingindingi akatanga kuchikosha kukanganisa upfumi uye akapotsa akava ngozi makwikwi. Pakutanga kwezana remakore, yakatanga pamisika, kunyanya US, akasangana sefungu akazobatanidzwa uye acquisitions. Panguva iyi, kwaita nevhu rakawandisa guru, akadai General Motors uye Standard Oil. In akatevera emakore imwe sefungu paumbwe nevhu rakawandisa. Pakazosvika 1929, ndiko kutanga Great Depression muUnited States vave zvakashandiswa nenzira huru sectors hwenyika. Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi vachiri haasati asvika nokubvumirana nei upfumi munyika yakanga mukusanzwisisa dambudziko, zviri pachena kuti monopolization muchinangwa ichi hachisi basa rinokosha.

Zvakaipira chindingindingi

Saka, zvidzidzo kare zvinoratidza kuti nevhu rakawandisa vari upfumi DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA mberi kufamba. Kubatsira kusangana okuwana, izvo vanoti zviri kutsigira nevhu rakawandisa, havana kusarudza. Nokuda simba makwikwi makuru makambani kana yeshamwari kusimbiswa ake nesimba rose munharaunda dzavanogara zviripo. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinotungamirira ndechokuti chindingindingi vebasa uye kushandisa zviwanikwa kunoitika inefficiently. Monopolistic upfumi negwaro kazhinji akawedzera, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nouori uye zvimwe kuparadza nheyo pamusika upfumi.

Control matanho

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha mabasa ari mamiriro tichitarisa zvoupfumi ndiwo mutemo chindingindingi. Voitakura kunze vaviri kuburikidza rakananga kukanganisa boka kuburikidza mashandiro ose Anti-chindingindingi mutemo, uyewo kuburikidza pakusikwa ezvinhu kuti kukura makwikwi utano. Hurumende anotonga wevasungwa kuti guta - monitors ari dzinotsanagura Absorção de Água uye akazobatanidzwa, uyewo achitonetsekawo kare akaumba nevhu rakawandisa. Mukuwedzera, mitemo dzakabudirira kudzivirira kodzero makambani madiki uye svikiro kadikidiki uyewo nemari matanho - mutero incentives, kuwana zvikwereti uye zvichingodaro.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pakusikwa hupfumi chindingindingi chinhu dzinongoitika chichiitwa, sezvo anobudirira zvikuru kambani iri zvishoma nezvishoma kukura uye kuwedzera musika. In akura upfumi, hunodzorwa ane oligopoly - rudzi kugadzirwa umo vakawanda chikamu Vhoriyamu mumusika ndohwaJehovha vashoma vagadziri. Antitrust wokuti hurumende iri kuitwa kusanganisira kuburikidza kuchengetedzwa kwemararamiro oligopoly. pfungwa iyi anonzi zvakawanda zvinogamuchirika chindingindingi, nokuti inopa pachiyero "makwikwi -. chindingindingi"

Mazuva dzezvoupfumi chindingindingi riri kuonekwa akaipa chinhu, uye hurumende mamiriro chengeta muitiro pasi pesimba. Antitrust mutemo munyika dzakasiyana siyanei, nokuti mumwe National zvoupfumi ine maitiro ayo. Zvisinei, chero zvazvingava, antitrust matanho zvinofanira kunangana nechokwadi kuti kumusika akanga akapindwa vagadziri vanogona kupa yepamusoro zvinhu panguva wakanaka mutengo uye zvakanaka siyana.