Chromium, makemikari Kufananidzira: tsananguro, zvivako, uye characterization kuti fomura

Chromium - makemikari chinhu pamwe mabhomba nhamba 24. Iri rakaoma, kupenyerera, simbi-wachena simbi riri tsime yakakweshwa, uye asingadi kukanganisa. Anoshandiswa alloys akadai Stainless simbi, uye somunhu unhani. Muviri womunhu kunoda shoma trivalent chromium kuti shuga muviri asi Kr (VI) ndiro zvikuru muchetura.

Various chromium yeimwe akadai chromium oxide (III) uye vatungamirire chromate, vari nemavara uye zvinoshandiswa pendi uye pigments. Ruby yakatsvuka nokuda pamberi ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana. Vamwe zvinhu, kunyanya potassium dichromate uye yavaibvisa oxidants zvinoshandiswa nokuda oxidation kuti makemikari yeimwe, uye (pamwe sulfuric acid) rokuchenesa glassware. Uyezve, chromium oxide (VI) rinoshandiswa pagadzirwe rinobva tepi.

Discovery uye Mabviro

History of kuwanikwa makemikari Kufananidzira ndiyo chromium. Muna 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann rinowanikwa Ural makomo orenji-tsvuku chicherwa, akaitumidza "kuSiberia dzvuku kutungamirira." Kunyange zvazvo zvave zvisiri kuzivikanwa somunhu vatungamirire remubatanidzwa pamwe selenium namatare, mashoko zvamazvirokwazvo kutungamirira chromate makemikari payakavakirwa PbCrO _4. Nhasi anozivikanwa somunhu chicherwa krokont.

Muna 1770, Peter Simon Pallas akashanyira nzvimbo Lehman akawana dzvuku kutungamirira chicherwa kuti akanga anobatsira chaizvo ehupfumi kuti ruvara mune pendi. Kushandiswa Siberian dzvuku kutungamirira sechinhu pendi yawana nokukurumidza kukura. Mukuwedzera, yakajeka yeyero noruvara krokonta akava mufashoni.

Muna 1797, Nicolas-Lui Voklen akagamuchira mimwe dzvuku kutungamirira mhangura. Krokonta kuburikidza nokusanganisa pamwe hydrochloric asidhi raiva CrO ₃ oxide. Chromium sezvo makemikari Kufananidzira oga muna 1798. Vauquelin variwana kuburikidza muchidziisa oxide pamwe nemarasha. Aikwanisawo kuona tichingoda chromium mu nematombo anokosha akadai aiti rubhi neemaradhi.

Munguva 1800s uye Kr kunyanya kushandiswa pendi nematehwe munyu. Nhasi 85% of simbi inoshandiswa alloys. The zororo rinoshandiswa namakemikari indasitiri, anogadzira zvinhu refractories uye foundry indasitiri.

Emashoko chromium makemikari chaikosha anoenderana rechiGiriki χρῶμα, zvichireva "ruvara", nokuti muzvizhinji mavara yeimwe iyo inogona kugadzirwa kwazviri.

Mining uye kugadzirwa

Chaikosha anobudiswa kubva chromite (FeCr ₂ O _4). About hafu esimbi iyi mined mu South Africa. Uyezve, Kazakhstan, India uye Turkey muri vaburitsi ayo makuru. Akaongorora deposits pamusoro chromite zvakakwana, asi vari munharaunda yakakura kusimbiswa Kazakhstan uye kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica.

The deposits pamusoro chizvarwa chromium simbi hadziwanzowaniki, asi ivo zviripo. Somuenzaniso, zvinonzi anogadzirwa panguva yangu "Kunobudirira" muRussia. Zviri kimberlite mutopota akapfuma ngoda, uye achidzikisa kwezvakatipoteredza yakabatsira chimiro yakaisvonaka chromium uye mangoda.

For maindasitiri kugadzirwa nesimbi chromite esimbi ari kubatwa yakaumbwa alkali (sodium hydroxide, NaOH). Izvi unoumba yavaibvisa chromate (Na ₂ CrO _4), izvo ipfupi pamwe kabhoni kuti Kr ₂ O ₃ oxide. The simbi oxide inotengwa nevanhu muchidziisa pamberi aruminiyamu kana nesilicon.

vanenge mamiriyoni 15 matani chromite esimbi zvakabudiswa muna 2000 gore, rakanga muzvikamu mamiriyoni 4 matani ferrochrome, 70% chinosanganisira chromium-simbi chiwanikwa, kwacho musika ukoshi yaiva $ 2.5 Bln.

Key Features

Mamirire makemikari chaikosha chromium iri nokuti kuti kuchinja simbi wechina nguva periodic table uye riri pakati vanadium uye manganese. Vanobatanidzwa VI boka. Inonyunguduka pa 1907 ° C. In pamberi okisijeni Chrome nokukurumidza anoumba nhete paiva oxide chinodzivirira simbi kubva mamwe maitiro pamwe oxygen.

Somunhu Transitional Kufananidzira, izvozvo zvaanoita nezvinhu zviri ratios siyana. Saka anoumba yeimwe ane zvakasiyana mwero oxidation. Chromium - makemikari chinhu chete anokosha anoti +2, +3 uye +6, iro 3 unonyanya akatsiga. Mukuwedzera, muna zvisingawanzoitiki zviitiko, pane mamiriro +1, +4 uye +5. chromium yeimwe ari oxidation wehurumende +6 vari oxidizers simba.

Chii ruvara ndiyo Chrome? Chemical chaikosha anopa anodized aruminiyamu naRuby Hue. Kr ₂ O ₃ rinoshandiswa kuti simbi makorari, rinoshandiswawo senzira ruvara inonzi "Chrome hanyanisi". munyu ake yakasvibiswa girazi mu girini. Chromium - makemikari Kufananidzira ane kuvapo kunoita naRuby dzvuku. Naizvozvo rinoshandiswa pagadzirwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa korari.

isotopes

Isotopes vane chromium mabhomba uremu kubva 43 kusvika 67. Kazhinji, kushingaira makemikari chaikosha inoumbwa zvitatu akatsiga siyana: ⁵² Kr, ⁵³ Kr uye ⁵⁴ Kr. Ava, rakajairika ⁵² Kr (83,8% zvose zvakasikwa chromium). Uyezve, radioisotopes akatsanangura 19, iyo chinonyanya mudanga iri ⁵⁰ Kr pamwe nehafu-upenyu kupfuura 1,8x10 ¹⁷ makore. Muna ⁵¹ Kr hafu-upenyu - 27.7 mazuva, uye mune zvose dzimwe radioactive isotopes asingaiti kupfuudza maawa 24, uye vakawanda vavo izvozvo rinovapo miniti asingasviki chete. The chinhu anewo mbiri Meta.

Chromium isotopes mu goko paNyika, kazhinji akaperekedza isotope pamusoro manganese, iyo inoshandiswa zvemaumbirwo. ⁵³ Kr akaumba nokuda radioactive kuora ose ⁵³ MN. Nhamba MN / Kr isotope unotsigira mamwe mashoko pamusoro mangwanani nhoroondo zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri. Zvakachinja kukura ⁵³ Kr / ⁵² Kr uye MN / Kr pakati meteorites akasiyana kunoratidza kuti nuclei itsva vaiva pakarepo pamberi paumbwe renzou.

Chemical chaikosha chromium: ehupfumi, ivo yeimwe ose fomura

Chromium oxide (III) Kr ₂ O _3, aizivikanwawo sesquioxide, mumwe mana oxide uyu makemikari maatomu akafanana. Zvinonzi akawana kubva chromite. Remubatanidzwa mutema kazhinji unonzi "Chrome mutema," kana kushandiswa senzvimbo ruvara nokuda kupenda pamusoro enamel negirazi. The oxide anogona zvazvichanyungudutswa acids vaite munyu, uye yakaumbwa alkali - chromites.

potassium dichromate

K ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ ari oxidizing mumiririri simba uye Zvinosarudzwa senzira rokuchenesa glassware kubva organics. Nokuti chinangwa ichi rinoshandiswa nenzira zvine mhinduro ine pfungwa yokushanda sulfuric acid. Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva, zviri kutsiviwa yavaibvisa dichromate, kwakavakirwa rokumusoro solubility okupedzisira. Kunze, unogona masero ose oxidation kuti makemikari yeimwe kuburikidza rokutendeutsa chikuru doro ane aldehyde uye zvadaro carbon dioxide.

potassium dichromate chromium kunogona kukonzera dermatitis. Chrome zvimwe chinokonzera sensitization kunotungamirira dermatitis kukura, kunyanya maoko uye emberi, ndiro chisingaperi uye zvakaoma kuti arapwe. Kufanana nevamwe yeimwe pamusoro Kr (VI), potassium dichromate carcinogenic. Inofanira kugadziriswa pamwe magiravhusi uye kudzivirirwa zvakakodzera.

chromic asidhi

Tsvagai remubatanidzwa ane mamiriro H ₂ CrO _4. Kana Chrome kana acidic dichromate hariwanikwi zvakasikwa, asi anions dzavo inowanikwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana nezvinhu. "Chromic asidhi" chinogona kuwanika sale, chokwadi chiri iine acid anhydride - trioxide CrO _3.

Lead chromate (II)

PbCrO ₄ ane inopenya yero ruvara uye ari kushanda insoluble mumvura. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, hazvina awana kushanda sechinhu coloring ruvara, inonzi "yeyero korona."

Kr uye pentavalent Us

Chrome ari kusiyaniswa kukwanisa kwayo kuumbika pentavalent chokuita. Remubatanidzwa pave Kr (I) uye yeHydrocarbon kukuru. Pentavalent chisungo akaumba pakati chromium maatomu. fomura Its anogona kunyorwa sezvo Ar-Kr-Kr-Ar, sezvamakaropafadzwa Ar chinomiririra chaiwo inonhuwirira boka.

kunyoresa

Chromium - makemikari chaikosha ane ehupfumi akapa mafomu dzakawanda siyana, zvimwe zviri pasi apa.

Metals nayo anomupa kuramba ngura uye anokwezva pamusoro. Saka, chikamu Chrome alloys akadai Stainless simbi, kushandiswa somuenzaniso ari Forogo, Banga Nechipunu. It rinoshandiswawo kushandisa Chrome unhani.

Chromium ndiyo anowedzera siyana siyana. Nokuti zvinoita achitanga kuti vachiridzira ezvidhinha. munyu Its tanned ganda. potassium bichromate rinoshandiswa nokuda oxidation kuti makemikari yeimwe zvakadai alcohols uye aldehydes, uyewo rokuchenesa glassware. It kushanda kutara mumiririri kudhaya rejira, uye rinoshandiswawo mifananidzo uye kudhindwa.

CrO ₃ rakashandiswa kugadzirwa rinobva matepi (somuenzaniso, zvinyorwa) kuti vane unhu kupfuura mafirimu pamwe nedare oxide.

Basa iri zvipenyu

Trivalent chromium - makemikari okunze zvinodiwa muviri kweshuga muvanhu. Kusiyana neizvi, hexavalent Kr chepfu chaizvo.

matanho okudzivirira

Metallic chromium remubatanidzwa Kr (III), kazhinji haana kuonekwa utano, asi zvinhu rine Kr (VI), unogona kuva chepfu kana anwa kana inhaled. Most zvakadai zvinokuvadza vari muchishungurudza pameso, ganda uye mucous membranes. Nokuramba nokufumura chromium yeimwe (VI) angaita kuvadza ziso kana asina kubatwa zvakanaka. Uyezve, munhu aiziva carcinogen. A inouraya dose of makemikari chinhu - inenge hafu yetea. Maererano kunenge the World Health Organization, kufadza bvumidzwa Kuwanda Kr (VI) mumvura yokunwa ndiyo 0,05 MG pa fő.

Sezvo chromium yeimwe zvinoshandiswa madhayi uye nokuda Tanning matehwe, vanowanzoororwa kuwanikwa ivhu akasiya maindasitiri zvivako kuti zvinoda nezvakatipoteredza zvakawanda uye kupora. Primer rine Kr (VI), dzichiri kushandiswa chaizvo mune Aerospace indasitiri uye Automotive indasitiri.

eremendi ehupfumi

The inokosha ehupfumi kuti chromium chaiko ndeinotevera:

• The mabhomba Kuwanda 24.
• Mabhomba uremu: 51,996.
• Utsotso pfungwa: 1890 ° C.
• Achibika pfungwa: 2482 ° C.
• The oxidation ezvinhu +2, +3, +6.
• Erekitironi configuration: [Ar] 3d ⁵ 4S ^1.