Inotungamirwa, Nyaya
Codification kuti Justinian seinokonzera mutemo weRoma: ukoshi Zuva
Eastern Roman Empire kwenguva refu nguva yokupedzisira nhare dzekare mutemo weRoma akachengetedzwa tsika dzayo uye uzivi. Ushe Justinian akaratidza simba, uye vamwe zvisingachashandi dzakafuridzirwa pamutemo mitemo inoshandiswa mumazuva iwayo. Saka vakava codification (kunatsiridza), izvo anodzoka dzinokosha zvinodavirwa muchitendero mutemo weRoma, yepamutemo uye ndeechokwadi mamiriro ezvinhu.
Zvinangwa uye kugutsikana
Chinangwa chikuru okusika aiva kukura imwe Rulebook, mitemo uye zviri pamutemo pfungwa, izvo zvave kubatanidzwa uye kodzero yekare, jus vetus, uye ano mutemo wavarindi. Wakaisa ichi mitemo uye aifanira kuva simba nharo pakuita zvisarudzo pamutemo uye kwokubatsira kururamisira. Zvino kune mitemo achangopfuura uye mirayiro Kesari, zvakanga nyore zvikuru kushanda - vose ichangobva remitemo iri nguva dzose rakabudiswa. Asi siyana mutemo raanotaura pavo, kana vakanga kazhinji akadzima kana akarongwa sezvo usingachashandi. Naizvozvo, pafungidziro kuti codification pamusoro Justinian vaivapo, uye shanduro yaivapo nomutemo kuunganidza wava inokosha. Uye kuita izvi zvakafanira kuitira kuti kuchinja vose vaivapo kwakaitwa munzvimbo dzose hwacho, uye nokudaro zakonotolkovaniem vaifanira kubata chete vaine repamutemo pfungwa iyoyo.
Zvakanga zvakaoma zvikuru kushandisa chikuru zvinyorwa zviri chaiwo mutemo weRoma, mazhinji kare panguva iyoyo aiva rarasika, saka achiati aiva tariro basa. Ukuwo, kunyange mabasa avo pamusoro pawo kwokubatsira kururamisira, akazara kuzvipokanidza uye musoro zvikanganiso. Naizvozvo, siyana pamutemo zvinofungwa neimwe kana nharo ndezvokuti zvakasiyana mumwe. The vakawanda inotoda chete pakutsvaga uwandu mavhoti, kana kuti nokuomerera mutongo. Muchidimbu, rezvitendero Justinian haana zvakakwana inopiwa nemitemo pamutemo akajeka uye chaiwo, uye akanzwa yaida kukurira chenhaka ichi uye ano kumakuva mitemo, pamutemo dzemunharaunda uye mitemo, kuunza wepamutemo wemuTesitamende enderana zvaidiwa mweya mutemo weRoma.
nguva
February 528, pasi Justinian akawana kuti pave nemitemo mitsva, kusanganisira nheyo ane jurisprudence yekare Roman. Justinian codification akanga rakanyorwa neboka eDare vanhu gumi, umo aiitawo Tribonian. Muna April wegore iroro rakasvika roMutemo Justinian, raisanganisira zvose rakabudiswa panguva bumbiro mitemo uye madzimambo yapfuura. A muunganidzwa zvakakwana mitemo uye emitemo enyika rapfuura vatongi Eastern hweRoma, nhamba vanopfuura zviuru zvitatu rave pakanatsiridzwa chose uye kwezvipimo. Panopera 530, akashanda mumwe basa vaitungamirira magweta inotungamirwa Tribonianom. nguva iyi yaisanganisira Professor Academy Kronstantinopolya Kratina Tiyofiro, Dorotheus uye Agatoly Beritskie magweta akawanda achitungamirira. Basa komisheni kwaiva kutanga seti yokupira dzemunharaunda, akava mukuru dzinoitwa nesayenzi pamutemo.
Part of codification pakati Justinian
Codification rakakamurwa akawanda zvikamu, chimwe nechimwe inosimbisa wakananga Vector pamutemo mazano uye mibvunzo. Pakupera kwegore 530 rakasvika vanonzi digests - muunganidzwa atakatora pfupi kubva mabasa dzenhoroondo jurists Roman. Panguva imwe chete chete Digest yakazokudziridzwa mabhuku kuti kudzidza mutemo vechidiki magweta - masangano. Pashure hwakasikwa uye rakapepetwa bumbiro youmambo emitemo. Emperor zvakananga muchirongwa drafting magwaro aya uye kuti vaitaura uye yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita, gare gare aibatanidza pasi rokuti "The codification pamusoro Justinian."
Table zvikamu codification akapa pazasi:
Rokutanga uye rechipiri reShanduro codifications
Pakadhindwa romutemo yakatanga kare kunzi "codification pakati Justinian." Akapfupikisa zvirimo wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika zvikamu zvitatu: digests, masangano uye Codes. Zvinosuruvarisa, ari kutanga shanduro gwaro nanhasi haina hwaponeswa. Nezvemabasa zvizvarwa zvakawanda kwazvo mazita codification wakatangwa - vanonzi shanduro yechipiri. Wakaisa ichi mitemo ndokukweverwazve kumusoro pashure pokufa Justinian, kwakavakirwa basa dare rake uye, vakapiwa yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita ayo. Chinyorwa chepiri zvava kuzivikanwa so "Codex repetitae praelactionis". Pamwe chete chaiwo-chidimbu matatu, izvozvo zvaisanganisira anonzi enganonyorwa, izvo zvaiva muunganidzwa youmambo emitemo, rakabudiswa pashure kwebhuku bhuku rokutanga "The codification pamusoro Justinian." Akapfupikisa kukosha kwebasa iri zvinogona kutsanangurwa maererano mugumisiro basa iri pamusoro pakuzadzisa European pamutemo pfungwa. Vazhinji nomutemo dzemunharaunda akaumba hwaro Ages mutemo yevagari. Naizvozvo, zvinobatsira kuongorora constituent zvikamu gwaro zvizere.
Imperial remitemo
Chokutanga, Justinian I akateerera misangano akasiyana-siyana youmambo emitemo. Ake zvikuru basa raiva kuisa kuitira ose mutemo kuti Makawana anopfuura zana pashure racho rinozivikanwa husiri nyore kuwana pamutemo. Commission pamusoro Jurists vakasangana rinenge gore, mugumisiro basa ravo raiva Summa reipublicae, izvo repealed zvose mitemo yaivapo uye emitemo uye vakaudza mitemo itsva nezvakatongwa uye dzepamutemo kukakavadzana. Yaiva kuedza kutanga kunzwisisa pamutemo nhaka kare, uye kwakaunza nemazvo. Mambo akanga zvakafadza basa, uye chirevo pamusoro kuitwa nemitemo idzva rakabudiswa musi April 7529 gore.
Digesty
Emperor Justinian akakwanisa kuunganidza uye kuronga zvose rinoshandisirwa panguva mutemo ano - leges. Zvino aitofanira kuita zvakafanana pachinhu kuti dzenhoroondo dzemunharaunda mutemo weRoma - vanonzi jus vetus. The idzva basa raiva hombe kupfuura yapfuura, uye basa rakanga rakaoma zvikuru navo. Asi nyanzvi basa pamwe kare yakabudisa kuti Code uye tichishingaira basa vabatsiri Justinian akasimbisa chisarudzo mberi basa. On 15 December 630, chirevo inobudiswa Deo auctore, izvo Tribonianu aida kuita basa iri rakaoma, uchisarudza mubatsiri. Triboniat akakoka kubatanidzwa basa vakakurumbira jurists nguva, pakati zvakanga mapurofesa mana Constantinople Academy uye gumi magweta. Kuti aimiririra codification pamusoro Justinian, anogona ichizotongwa mabasa pamberi komisheni:
- Chengeta dzokororai ose mabasa anowanika panguva achitungamirira magweta.
- mabasa ose aya aifanira pasi wongororo uye kuita kwavo chinobviswa.
- Bvisa hachibatsiri kana basa panguva mitemo nemirayiro.
- Kugadzirisa kusawirirana uye musoro kuzvipokanidza.
- Systematize yakaoma vakasara uye kuti nacho zvakajeka uye muchidimbu.
Zvinoreva chikamu ichi codification pakati Justinian kwaiva kuumba hurongwa rose vakawanda magwaro vakabvuma. Uye basa iri huru raitwa kwemakore matatu chete. Nechekare muna 533 gore rokutonga Justinian chirevo achibvumirana zvitsva mitemo, akadana Digesta, uye musi waDecember 30, akanga atova akatanga kushanda munharaunda yose Eastern hweRoma.
The zviri Digest womukati
Digesty aida kuti vanoita uye mubatanidzwa pakati dzemunharaunda uye nenheyo jurisprudence. mamwe zita ravo - kugaya. Izwi iri rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki pandektes, izvo zvaireva kuti misoro, nokudenga - sezvo akanga anosimbisa nokudenga nhungamiro kushanda muviri iyi yomurayiro. The codification pamusoro Justinian digests sourongwa muunganidzwa zviripo mutemo, uye sezvo bhuku riri kushandiswa mutemo. Just Digest yataurwa 39 vakakurumbira jurists nguva uye, maererano nokufungidzira chamambo pachake, vakadzidza mabasa anopfuura zviuru zviviri. Pandects pakuverengwa vose mabhuku pamutemo dzenhoroondo uye chinhu chinokosha yose mitemo vanotenderwa Justinian I. prices All vakakamurwa zvavo kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro kugutsikana pa mabhuku mashanu,-mana navanomwe vavo vakagadzirira pachavo okuremekedza dzavo mazita anoratidza rumwe rutivi kana mumwe dambudziko pamutemo. mabhuku matatu chete vasina madunhurirwa. Mazuva ano kupatsanura, ndivo 30, 31 uye 32 nzvimbo. Vose vavo kugoverana dambudziko zvakajairika, uye vose vari vakazvipira kuna legacies.
Inside nerimwe rokuremekedza anoramba mazita mashoko chose rimwe divi kana mumwe nyaya pamutemo. prices izvi dzinewo pachako maumbirwo kwavo. Kazhinji, mutsara wokutanga akatorwa pana mutemo, nezvekufarirwa dzemunharaunda mutemo wehurumende, uye ipapo - mushoma kubva zvakanyorwa AD edictum, yakatsaurirwa chokuita kurutivi nyaya, uye rinoguma vydezhki pakati essays pachena mienzaniso kushanda zviri pamutemo dzemunharaunda iri tsika pamutemo. Panotangira boka mashoko rechitatu vaiva responsa Papiniani, saka zvikamu izvi vanonzi "vakawanda Papilyana". Dzimwe nguva mumwe kana mumwe rokuremekedza kupedza mamwe mashoko - dzinonzi Okuwedzera.
Chero mashoko uye mashoko ane mirayiridzo chaiwo pamusoro arimo munyori uye mabasa ake. In Shanduro jurisprudence ano anowanika papi zvose vakaverengwa, wakarebesa vavo kupesana zvidimbu zvidiki - ndima. Naizvozvo, kana kureva gaya haafaniri kuratidza bhuku, iyo inotorwa mutsara sezvo rokuti, dzakajeka uye uwandu ndima yacho.
interpolation
Kutanga nechepakati chikamu codifications, ivo jurists havana chete kuunganidza Mitsara magweta yekare, asi hurukuro navo nyore kunzwisisa nenzira. Muzvinyorwa zvekare kune nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakanga kuti ushe Justinian usingachashandi. Asi hazvina kuchinja unhu uye Kujeka acho. Kuti agadzirise zvinetso, compilers vachiwanzoshandisa kuchinja duku iri arimo atakatora. kuchinja aya yakazonzi interpolation. No kwokunze zviratidzo interpolation haina achiongorora, vose vakafanana dzose Links yeRoma chepuraimari zvinyorwa. Asi nzwisisika kudzidza Digest kushandisa mitauro nzira anogona interpolation akawanda. Compilers nounyanzvi akafamba nhaka pamutemo vakaiisa nyore kunzwisisa maonero. Dzimwe nguva kusiyana izvi zviri nyore kuona nokuenzanisa inotora mashoko akatorwa chete mabasa magweta Roman, asi mupfungwa ayo wakaiswa mumabhuku akasiyana-siyana Prediktov. Aizivikanwawo zviitiko kuenzanisa inotora mashoko kubva codification pakati Justinian pamwe vasara zvinyorwa yepakutanga. Asi chete kuburikidza kunzwisisa nhoroondo uye mitauro kuferefeta dzinogona kuwanikwa ruzhinji nyaya, kurapwa uye kukanganisa compilers.
masangano
Panguva imwe chete chete titanic kuedza kunyora gaya akashanda kusika pfupi anobatsira vechiduku magweta. In vaigadzirira utungamiriri itsva zvakananga vaiitawo Professor Tiyofiro uye Dorothy. A Chinyorwa zvakatorwa muchimiro nzira mutemo yevagari. Kunan'anura zvakatora zvikuru zvakasikwa nevaya nguva zita. Muna November 533, Mambo Justinian chirevo cupidae legum Juventati, aida kuti nyanzvi uye vadzidzi. Rakanga pamutemo hwatenderwa mutemo yakataurwa nemasangano uye kubatsira pachayo equalized nevamwe codifications pamusoro Justinian.
The womukati nemamiriro tsika
Chinonyanya masangano vekare vaiva emirayiridzo rakanyorwa gweta Roman Gayo, uyo akatungamirira dzavo repamutemo mabasa ari 2nd remakore BC. e. This guide inhoroondo ya vaduku magweta uye chaishandiswa senzira rokushandisa chepuraimari jurisprudence. Institutes of Justinian akatora ichi kwomugove yokuronga patsva musimboti. Sezvakangoita GAIA, rose Tutorial rakakamurwa zvina zvikuru nhengo. Zvitsauko vakawanda vakakopa zvakananga kubva Gaya anobatsirwa kunyange musimboti kuparadzanise kupinda ndima yatorwa ichi gweta yekare. Mumwe mabhuku mana ane yayo rokuremekedza, mumwe rokuremekedza rakakamurwa ndima. Mushure rokuremekedza uye napamberi ndima yokutanga kunodiwa kupa nyaya pfupi inonzi principium. Zvichida Justinian basa nhengo ndisingadi reinvent vhiri uye akamira pamusoro shanduro kwaisava nyore kudzidza.
kuchinja vanoda
Chero bedzi basa rakaoma drafting mitemo mitsva pamutemo uye pfungwa, mutemo Byzantine akasunungura zvizhinji mitemo mitsva uye kududzira, izvo dzinofanirawo akaongororwa. Vamwe Mumagakava iwayo yakasainwa zvakananga Justinian, uye akazivisa mune chirevo - nhamba nharo mitemo zvasvika zvidimbu makumi mashanu. Vazhinji mazhinji zvingaitwa vakakumbira mutsva wakatarwa uye review, uye pashure yokupedzisira kusunungurwa Digest nemasangano zvimwe dzemunharaunda zviri mazviri kare zvaida dzokororo. Code, rakabudiswa muna makore 529, ine pamutemo kana zvisingachashandi zvokudya, uye saka havana zvinodiwa kuisa mberi. The Commission aifanira kuongorora dzichipesana gadziriro adzokorore navo zvakare uye kubvumirana mitemo kare rakapa uye nemirayiro. basa iri rakanga raitwa, uye muna 534 akabudisa reShanduro Code, rwakazokura seshanduro Codex repetitae praelectionis wechipiri.
enganonyorwa
In Code iri Mitemo of Eastern hweRoma, kunyorwa. Kwaita dzakwidzwa akazivisa, achiruramisa mitemo iripo chokuita chimwe chezvinhu kushanda chirevo uchidzidzira. In aripo tsika nomutemo, vanobatana pasi unoti novella Novellae leges. Mimwe nyaya hazvisi chete dzokurumbidza pamusoro pokushandisa yaivapo zvokudya vomurayiro, asi wakafara chaizvo dudziro nzvimbo mutemo. Emperor Justinian aida kuunganidza nyaya pfupi kubudisa ive Kuwedzera aivapo codification. Asi zvinosuwisa, handina kuzviita. Kusvikira zvino zvasvika kuunganidza akawanda private. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe idzi dzinofanirwa kubatwa semunhu kwokunwa imwe chikamu codifications.
Marongerwo chinangwa nyaya pfupi
enganonyorwa All zvaisanganisira bumbiro, rakabudiswa Justinian kwake ushe. Inosanganisira mitemo kuti kudarika yokutanga Mutongo mambo. Kazhinji, zvakanyorwa muchiGiriki, kunze vaya mapurovhinzi umo rehurumende raishandiswa sezvo mutauro muchiLatin. Pane pfupi nyaya yakabudiswa mumitauro panguva imwe chete.
Imwe neimwe nyaya iri muzvikamu zvitatu, izvo rinotaura zvikonzero inotisvitsa bhuku rimwe bumbiro idzva, anochinja kuti tigutsikane uye murayiro hwokupinda yavo simba. Mune enganonyorwa ose Justinian mugove wokutanga anonzi Proaemium, uye gare gare akakamurwa kuva zvitsauko. Chikamu chokupedzisira unonzi Epilogus. The pamazita nyaya yakamutswa enganonyorwa, riri siyana chaizvo: kushandisa mutemo wehurumende okudenha chinjana pamwe administrative, Ecclesiastical kana refereeing. Zvikurukuru dzinonakidza nokuti kudzidza yokufungidzira 127 uye 118, izvo chokuita kodzero nhaka kana intestacy. Ndivo, Sezvineiwo, vaiva hwaro mitemo roushe German. Uyewo kufarira ndiyo yokufungidzira chakatsaurwa kuti mhuri uye mutemo wevanhu, uye zvinoitwa kushandiswa zvimwe mutemo.
Enganonyorwa pamusoro Justinian munguva yedu
Kune vasayendisiti vemazuva ano, nyaya dzeJustinian dzakasvika pakuunganidza kwepachikoro chavo chevamwe chechipiri-hand booksellers. Imwe yezvikamu izvi yakabudiswa muna 556 uye ine 124 nhaurirano, yakarongwa maererano nenguva. Nyaya yekare yakare kare yakasvika kumashure makumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu nemasere, uye mushure mokuunganidza yose yakadzokera muna 555. Iyi kereke inonzi Juliani epitome Novellarum. Pamberi pacho, imwe hurukuro yaiva nemazero 134 yakange ichizivikanwa, asi iye zvino haisi kuwanikwa nekudzidza kukuru. Mambo Tiberius, 11 uyo akava muteveri weJustinian, akabudisa sangano rakakwana rezvidzidzo zviduku zvakaunganidzwa munguva ye 578 kusvika 582. Iine 168 inovhizha, kusanganisira zvose zvatozivikanwa inovhizha yeJustinian, uye itsva. Iyi ngoro yakazosvika kuvadzidzi vemazuva ano muzvinyorwa zveVenetian, zvakanyorwa kusvika kumagumo ezana remakore rechi12. Chimwe chikamu chazvo chinodzokorora mumunyoro weFlorrentine munyori wezvinyorwa, uyo akanyora zvinyorwa mazana maviri gare gare. Mukuwedzera, nhamba dzinoverengeka dzeJustinian dzinozivikanwa kubva kumakosheni ega ega akazvitsaurira mutemo wechechi.
Corpus Rights
Zvikamu zvose zveMitemo mutsva, maererano nemafungiro eJustinian, aifanira kuva akazara, kunyange zvazvo zita raiwanzovanzi raive risati rasikwa. Icho chirevo chekusimbiswa kweJustinian kwakaratidzwa chete muMiddle Ages, apo kufarira muRoma mutemo wepamutemo kwakawedzera. Zvadaro kuongorora mutemo weRoma kwakava chikonzero chekurangwa kwevatongi vezvemangwana, uye zita rinowanzoitirwa nzvimbo yose yeJustinian rakagadzirwa. Yakasvika pakuzivikanwa seCorpus Juris Civilis. Pasi pezita iri, mazano eJustinian anozivikanwa munguva yedu.
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