Derivational cheni mashoko akaoma. How kuvaka ngetani shoko-kuvaka? Mienzaniso derivational chain

Wana mashoko Hang sei kuvaka ngetani shoko-inotungamirwa, kunokosha zvikuru. unyanzvi ichi kuchaita kuti kuronda kutevedzana rakasikwa itsva kutaura chikwata uye kudzivisa blunders ramangwana.

Rinobva uye inobereka mashoko

Zvose ichangogadzwa kuumbwa kutaura zvinhu mumutauro wokuRussia vane rinobva hwaro. Derivational ngetani mashoko akaoma yakavakirwa pachishandiswa nyore - kubudisa (rinosunda) dzakabatana. Ndiyo hwaro. All rekuUnited mashoko hwokurara (chakaita). mutemo uyu rinoshanda nguva dzose, nokuumbwa itsva kutaura dzakabatana.

Kukurudzirwa shoko rine zvakawanda kunzwisisa chivakwa pakureva kugadzirwa kwezvokudya. Izvi zvinoratidzwa kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro, morphological uye manyorero zvinhu.

We funga derivational cheni - mienzaniso nomukaka uye kubudisa zvinhu:

• Glass <= pasi-magirazi-Nick, apo magirazi - zvinokurudzira chikwata. Cup wokuisira - rinobva.
• Vachazvirova <= iwe-yati *, apo urove - zvibereko shoko. Knock - chakaita.

Non-rinobva (unmotivated) Shoko

In Russian pane kutaura zviyero, izvo zvisina aumba kubva nemamwe mazwi pamwe chete mudzi. Of siyana izvi vanoti non-rinobva hwaro. Derivational shoko cheni rine unmotivated substrate ingangoumbwa chete chikwata sezvinotevera: vasiri rinobva chimiro sezvo generating <= vachida chimiro. Kuti nderei shoko ndiyo nyore sezvamunoita.

Unmotivated Kutaura zviumbu kazhinji ine zvimwe mudzi. Somuenzaniso: mukoma, nechigaro, zuva.

Chii derivational cheni

Zviduku chairema shoko inotungamirwa ari kubudisa fomu. Anoritsanangura, lining yose chokuita zvinhu. Derivational cheni ari kutevedzana kutaura siyana vane chete mudzi. Uyezve, mumwe ichocho itsva anotevera kubva yaimbovapo. Ndiko, kutevedzana ane hierarchical marongerwo.

Mumwe chikwata chitsva muna okukura cheni siyana wambotaurwa vaviri inzwi uye rinobva nayo. Rimwe shoko, akavapindurawo, ndizvo dzinokurudzira.

Funga muenzaniso. In cheni ruka <= chirukiso <= chirukiso 'chirukiso' rinobva chokuita "micheka", nepo chokuita "chirukiso" It rinokurudzira.

Chii derivational cheni

Derivational ngetani shoko - kutevedzana kwezviitiko itsva kutaura dzakabatana. Mutauro - a mashandiro chipenyu kuti ari kuramba achiudza. Sezvo vazhinji itsva kutaura vezvikwata mumutauro wokuRussia - nomukaka, shoko inotungamirwa chinhu chinokosha kunzwisisa kukosha mutauro uye zvingangoita kuitwa.

Nokuti paumbwe unyanzvi uye kusimbisa unyanzvi kuvaka sequences zvakakodzera kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana akadai sokuti:

• kusika ngetani shoko-nokuumbwa wakapiwa shoko;
• Tsvaga urwu chimiro;
• kusarudza kuti chii okukura pachiremera kutevedzana;
• kuziva yaikurudzira hwaro;
• kusarudza ngetani vangani shoko-inotungamirwa mudendere.

shoko-vanoumba dendere

With derivational maketani vanobatanidza stemmings kutaura chikwata ane nevakawanda kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zvaanoreva zvinogona akagadzira mumwe kutevedzana. Inonzi rimwe. Izvi zvinonyanya rakakura pfungwa vava kuvaka itsva lexical siyana.

Shoko-wezvamatongerwe dendere - kuva nengetani kuti zvinobatana kutaura vezvikwata ane vanosvika notional ukoshi. Zvinokosha kufunga kwete chete vanhuwo mudzi, asi chokwadi kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro napedyo. Yepamusoro shoko achiumba dendere ndiye nyore chete. Chete kusimbisa nyore pakati cognate kutukana okunze, zvinokwanisika kuti uone sei sequences zhinji pahwaro zvinogona ivakwe.

Somuenzaniso, derivational cheni: chiso <= depersonalize <= depersonalize kuumba dendere netambo: chiso <= mberi <= namabwe. Speech Unit "Chiso" rinobva pashoko iri mudendere ichi.

nzira shoko inotungamirwa

Kuti kusaita zvikanganiso pakugadzirira derivational ngetani, zvinonzwisiswa sei mutauro wokuRussia pane kuvakwa itsva kutaura zvinhu.

Ziva nzira dzakawanda:

1. Kuwedzera. The chikwata itsva inoumbwa kubatana hwaro neshoko rimwe mujinga mumwe (kana kupfuura zvigadziko). Pane nzira dzinotevera:

• unobereka hunde + unobva nzvanyira + zvinokurudzira mashoko: gasi-u-silicate, azere-of-inoti. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, unobva nzvanyira angava asipo: Kaliningrad;
• unobereka hwaro + hwaro unobereka pasofa mibhedha, kwakamuka siketi, munhu asiri basa mukuru;
• runobereka zvibereko hwaro + nechigadziko + suffix: musoro-tsvina-to-munhu;
• chidimbu: nezvekugadzirwa remubatanidzwa mashoko nokuwedzera zvachose kana zvishoma truncated zvigadziko: yunivhesiti, rechiuto, zavskladom.

2. nzira Morphological - tichibatsirwa affixes:

• suffix (kushandisa suffixes): mahabhurosi-Nick <= mahabhurosi;
• prefixing (kushandisa prefixes); apiwa run <= kumhanya;
• Postaffixal (-Zvinotaurwa-kana, rimwe zuva, Xia): kuroorwa Xia <= kuroorwa;
• Combination (prefixed-suffix, suffixal prefixing and said.)

3. Conversion (morpho-syntactic nzira). Panyaya iyi, shoko harisi pasi chero kuchinja. Pfungwa inotungamirwa vezvikwata itsva rinoitwa nokuchinja kubva mumwe mukukurukurirana.

• substantivizing - paumbwe imwe pazita kubva chimwe kutaura: nenzira yakarongeka nokushanda, muka;
• adjectivization - chipauro inotungamirwa na kuchinjirwa kubva kune dzimwe nhaurwa, Mazimbe meso (enzanisa: zimbe romoto unopfuta kwazvo);
• pronominalizatsiya (yezwi zvisazitasingwi): iyi, imwe guta;
• adverbializatsiya (Kuchinja ive dudzirachiito): warwo achaita (enzanisa: zvinoitwa pamusoro wako urongwa Y);
• yezwi Zvireva mwene: nemhaka anofara chiitiko (enzanisa: nekuvongwa iye rubatsiro rwake).

4. lexical-kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro nzira The. Shoko haachinji ayo morphological yakarongeka, kuwana yakasiyana: hanyanisi (chirimwa) - uta (chombo), bhurasho (mufanidzo) - Brush (gomo dota).

5. lexico-syntactic nzira: batanidza maviri kana kupfuura zviyero kupinda chimwe. Somuenzaniso: The zvinotevera (akanyorwa pazasi), basa (inoshanda shoma).

Algorithm richiswedera okukura cheni

Kuti tinzwisise sei kuti ngetani shoko-inotungamirwa, zvinokosha kuongorora kutevedzana yezviito. Kunyatsotevedza ose zvinhu zvichaita nyore zvikuru basa.

1. Akaisa shoko pakutanga chimiro.
2. Sarudza iripo affixes zvose - prefixes, suffixes uye midzi.
3. Kuona nzira dzidzo.
4. Kuwana kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zvinoreva kutaura chinhu (kana zvakakodzera - achibatsirwa duramanzwi).
5. In dzinotevedzana mumwe-mudzi zviumbu kunhonga urwu saizvozvo. ukoshi.

Somuenzaniso, unoda kutsvaka kubudisa shoko "anaro".

Sarudza mudzi uye affixes: a-mukombe-Nick, uko - chivakashure, zita remadunhurirwa rokuti - suffix girazi - mudzi. Prefixal-suffix nzira shoko inotungamirwa. Tinotsanangura kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zvinoreva: mukombe pedhi - chinhu kuti anoiswa pasi girazi. Saka kubudisa shoko "girazi" achaita iyi.

Mienzaniso derivational chain

Chimbofunga mienzaniso mishoma richiswedera sequences.

"Cheer" raida derivational cheni shoko.

Maererano algorithm:

1. The kwokutanga chimiro - "nomufaro."
2. Select affixes: nguva-zvikwasviso-uye Th-Xia. Suffixes: zvinoumba - uye - indeterminate chimiro -t i-, postfix marudzi rechiito kudzoka Xia. Different chivakashure. -vesel- mudzi.
3. Kuona mhando shoko inotungamirwa: takakwanisa pfungwa okukura suffix uye chivakashure. Saka, nzira - platformers-suffix.
4. Sarudza zvinoreva kutaura chinhu "ngaukufadze": kupinda afare, kunakidza.
5. Muitiro kweshoko inotungamirwa - prefixed-suffix. Achitarisa generating chikwata kuburikidza anoitwa. Yaikurudzira shoko reflexivo rechiito "ngaukufadze" riri asiri kudzoka rechiito "nomufaro." chivakashure Dzakasiyana, muchiitiko ichi ane ukoshi chiito nesimba guru. Urwu shoko rechiito "ngaukufadze" zvikuru nyore maatomu akafanana "nomufaro", riri kuumbwa, uyewo chipauro "anopa". Saka, derivational cheni richava:

Cheerful <= varaidza <= ngaukufadze <= ngaukufadze

Gadzira ngetani shoko-kuvaka nokuda rokuti "salting."

Maererano algorithm:

1. The kwokutanga chimiro - "salting."
2. Select affixes uye mudzi nekuti Sol-to-zvakanaka. Chivakashure: za- mudzi: -hydrochloric - suffix: -k-, flexion: s.
3. Nzira risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi: prefixal-suffix.
4. Tinotsanangura kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro rinoreva "salting": Kuchengetedzwa kushandisa munyu.
5. Tiri kutsvaka nyore sezvamunoita kunobereka shoko. The suffix -k - zvinoratidza kuti izwi chinhu ndiro zita basa, uye rinobva rechiito. Derivational peya kupa munhu pazita rechiito "pickle". Uyewo chivakashure za- kureva kuguma kuita - ". Munyu" rechiito aumba kubva zvakawanda nyore siyana "To munyu" - kuita chinhu pickled kushandisa munyu. Unobereka shoko "munyu". Derivational cheni achaita kutaipa:

Salt <= munyu <= pickle <= salting

Kuvaka ngetani shoko-kuvaka nokuda chipauro "nepedagogichno".

Maererano algorithm:

1. The kwokutanga fomu - nepedagogichno.
2. Select morpheme: vasiri padagog-DBS kutanga. Chivakashure asiri mudzi -pedagog-, nary munhu suffix -, -s flexion.
3. Nzira risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi: prefixal-suffix.
4. Dudzira kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro rinoreva "nepedagogichno": asingaiti zvinodiwa kuti pedagogy.
5. Muitiro kweshoko inotungamirwa - prefixal-suffix. Tiri kutsvaka nyore morphemic sezvamunoita chikwata. The chipauro "nepedagogichno" rinoumbwa chete chikamu rwokutaura "musoro" pamwe chivakashure ane kunaka vasiri. Nokudaro, urwu unit iri vaviri ishoko "musoro". Uyewo chipauro "akangwara" riri inoumbwa okukura suffix - ichn- kubva pazita 'pedagogy'. slvo ichi rinobva nyore sezvamunoita rokuti "mudzidzisi". Saka urwu unit (vertex) kuti kutevedzana uku ndiko rokuti "mudzidzisi". Derivational cheni iri sezvinotevera:

mudzidzisi <= pedagogy <= zvinzwisisike <= nepedagogichno

Gadzira ngetani shoko-kuvaka "razgrimirovatsya" rechiito.

Isu kuita matanho zvichienderana algorithm:

1. Kuitika chokuti chimiro - "razgrimirovatsya".
2. Select affixes: nguva-masikirwo-Irova-Th-Xia. Chivakashure: siyana mudzi: -grim - ichiumba rechiito suffix - irova- uye namira -t isingazivikanwi chimiro, postfix-Xia.
3. Nzira risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi: prefixal-suffix.
4. We havatsananguri kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro Shoko rechiito "razgrimirovatsya": ndimugure wake wakagadzirwa.
5. Nzira kweshoko inotungamirwa - platformers-suffix, zvinoreva kutsvaga nyore nemamiriro morphemic chikwata. Breakout rechiito "razgrimirovatsya" chakaumbwa kudzoka rechiito "kuita-up" pamwe chivakashure yakasiyana kusvika ukoshi asati kukanzura chiito. Uyewo, mashoko reflexivo rechiito "kuita-up" - kubva asiri kudzoka rechiito "vanoumba." Urwu shoko "vanoumba" rechiito riri asiri rinobva pazita "masikirwo", rinova vertex pakati kutevedzana. rinomirira Derivational cheni inotevera zano:

maumbirwe <= vanoumba <= masikirwo <= razgrimirovatsya

Vanofanira kuteerera

In richiswedera akakwidza derivational zviketani inokurudzirwa kuteerera zvinotevera nuances:

• havafaniri kuva vavhiringika risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi uye okukura kuongorora. Last zvinangwa kuziva marudzi chete neshoko. Somuenzaniso: I kumhanya - achitiza - vakatiza. Nepo pakupedzisira vavariro ongororo iri derivational cheni lexical dzakabatana itsva;
• hwaro ichangogadzwa kuumbwa kutaura chinhu Kazhinji chinosanganisira zvakawanda affixes pane avo ingakurudzira. Somuenzaniso, muna okukura vaviri: yechando <= chando inobereka chawo kunosanganisira chimwe namira - mudzi - zim-, apo Achishandisa vaifunga shoko rine midzi - zim- uye suffix - n.
• mumatauriro maviri anoratidza munhu kana mhuka, mukono nehadzi, unobereka pfupi, sezvinoita mutemo, chinhu rume pazita. Somuenzaniso: Weaver <= romuruki; Goose <= hanzi;
• vaviri vaviri, kusanganisira nhengo dzakasiyana kutaura - rechiito, zvichiratidza husingaoneki chiito, uye pazita kana chipauro, chichiratidza chiratidzo, Dérivés shoko Kazhinji pazita. Somuenzaniso: okuberekwa <= kukwegura, muchoto <= pastries;
• reflexivo verbs huru chikamu chakaumbwa asiri returnable. Somuenzaniso: kudzidzisa <= kudzidza, kuroora <= kuroora;
• pamwe rechiito neshoko kazhinji anoshanda kutevera zano: non-rinobva rechiito imperfective uchisiya <= perfective verbs pamwe chivakashure <= rechiito pamwe chivakashure uye suffix imperfective: murinde <= maonero <= maonero, dyara <= kudyara <= zaseivat S;
• ari Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva adverbs mu -o urwu chikwata kazhinji chinhu chipauro: akanaka <= zvakanaka, nokukurumidza <= boora asi.

Kushandisa maduramazwi ari kugadzirira derivational nengetani

Kunyange kuzviomesera abvume mufanidzo algorithm derivational ngetani dzimwe nguva kunokonzera zvimwe zvinetso. Muchiitiko ichi zvakakodzera kushandisa duramazwi. Kune chaiyo Shanduro, achibatsirwa izvo zvinoita kusarudza chete mudzi fomu chero kutaura zvinhu. Ndivo vakapiwa shoko-nokuumba chain - mienzaniso asiri rinobva dzakabatana uye nezvose anomera dzayo. Tsanangurai unyanzvi uye mhando kuvaka mitauro form.Takzhe unogona kuwana mazano sei kuti ngetani shoko-vagadzirire imwe kutaura zvinhu.

Rinobva siyana dziri munyika Chinyorwa mu earufabheti. Chinonyanya kwakakwana shanduro ndiyo "Shoko-inotungamirwa Dictionary mutauro Russian" muna 2 Mavhoriyamu.

Kushandisa maduramazwi inobatsira pakuumba namaketani, uye kunoita kuitwa kwemashoko itsva.