Dhehenya: sangano remafupa ehenya. Mhando dzekubatanidzwa kwemapfupa ehenya

Mafupa emusoro wezvinyorwa zvinonzi "skull". Anatomy inomubvumira kutakura basa rinochengetedza nokuti rakasimba uye risingachinjiki rakabatanidzwa kune rimwe nerimwe mapfupa (iyo chete kunze kwekuti mandible uye hyoid bone). Tsanga iri rudzi rwebhokisi rinochengetedza uropi nemanzwi. Ndiyo skeleton yemapapiro emumuromo uye omumuromo, ane nzira yekuzarura uye nzira dzinoshandiswa nerve fibers, mishonga uye mitsetse inopfuura.

Kubudirira mu phylogeny

Nokufamba kwenguva, munguva yekusarudzwa kwechisikigo, mhuka dzakagadzira hurongwa hwekutya uye dzakaratidzika neyemapurisa ganglia, uye gare gare uropi. Mafupa ari munzvimbo idzi aifanira kudzivirira mutezo wekutya uye nhengo dzemuviri kusvika kune zvakanyanya, saka skull yekateti inotanga kuonekwa muma cyclostomes. Masapfupa ayo akaparadzana maererano nekubva kwawo pakuisa cartilage, integumentary uye visceral. Ihenya rekutanga rinowanikwa muhove. Kubatanidzwa kwemapfupa edehenya kunopinda nekartilage, iyo inotsiva mapfupa emapfupa. Mabhesi ari kunze, akaonekwa kubva kune zvisikwa mumatanda emvura.

Zvimwe zvikamu zvepakona zvejecha rezvipembenene hazvisi chinhu kunze kwekushandura gill arches kubva pamakumbo emakumbo, saka mukushandiswa kwe embryogenesis kutanga mavara emagetsi ekuzarura akaiswa mukutora embryogenesis. Gare gare panzvimbo ino mashupa nemapfupa e-visceral skeleton achaumba.

Mhando dzekubatanidzwa kwemapfupa

Vakawanda mapapiro, akavhenganiswa uye mapfupa emhepo anoita saga. Kubatanidzwa kwemapfupa edehenya kunowanikwa kuburikidza nemhando inotevera yezvibatanidzwa: zvinopfuurira (synarthrosis), discontinuous (joints kana diarthrosis).

Synarthritis inoratidzirwa nerudzi rwekubatanidza tissue:

1. SYNDESMOSIS (kubva muhuturu hwemagetsi) inomiririrwa nemirairo, sutures, mazamu echitenderedzwa, shandanel uye vkolachivaniyami (kubatanidza mudzi wezino nejaya).
2. Synchondroses (kubva pamucheka wemaronda) inogona kuva nekusingaperi muhupenyu hwose kana kushandiswa nemapfupa emapfupa munguva.
3. Syndesmosis - inoumbwa apo mutsara unokonzera sachichristrosis unotsiviwa nefupa.

Synchondrosis, muhupamhi hwayo pane mhepo, inonzi symphysis, rudzi urwu rwekubatana ruripo mumapanga, kubatanidza pubic bone.

Diarthroses inowanzofambiswa nemapande ejasi akavharwa nemapfupa. Icho chibatanidza cheputiki yakagadzira chigadziko ne synovial fluid mukati. Diarrtoses anozivikanwa nemafungiro ezvinyorwa articular uye nhamba yezvikamu zvavo.

Bongo rehenya

Dhehenya romunhu mukuru rinoumbwa nemapfupa makumi maviri nemaviri, mapfupa matatu mumutambo wokuongorora, nemeno makumi maviri nemaviri. Dhehenya racho rakakamurwa kuva neurocranium (cerebral) uye chiso (visceral).

Mabhesi echeperesi yechangu :

1. Kusabhadharwa:

• Occipital (zvikamu zvina);
• Wedge yakagadzirwa (muviri, guru uye mapapiro maduku, mapiro emapiro);
• Frontal (inewo zvikamu zvina)
• Latticed (ine labyrinth) - iyo dzimwe nguva inonzi inonzi skeleton.

2. Vakaroorana: parietal, temporal.

Ikopa yenguva yechehenya ine hurongwa hwakakomba, nokuti ndiyo mhara yegwaro rekuongorora. Inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu, izvo munguva yekupera kwemazuva uye shure kwekuberekwa zvinomiririrwa nemapfupa akasiyana-siyana anozopedzisira akabatanidzwa mune rimwe. Nokudaro, zvitatu zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: scaly, drum uye dombo zvikamu, zvakaparadzana nepakati pezvikamu.

Chikamu chemavara chinosanganisira zygomatic, iyo inobatanidzwa pakuumbwa kwekubatana kwemandibular. Kubvira pano inotanga kufamba kwekuongorora, kunopinda muTympanum (kunzvimbo yepakati pezeve), uko maossicles anoongorora aripo: nyundo, chifukidzo uye stapes, pamwe chete nekanyanyuta kakanyanyisa pakati pavo. Zvinhu izvi zvinobatanidzwa mukubatanidza mafungu emhepo, kutumudza kudonhedzera kwavo kune nzeve dzomukati.

Stony bone yakasimba zvikuru uye inoshumira semasaga kune nhengo dzekunzwa nekuenzanisa. Pamberi pedhiyo tsvina ndiyo yakaoma mapfupa, iyo inoratidzirwa rwebyrinth, iyo ndiyo nheyo yekunze kwenzeve. Mukuwedzera, kune imwe nzira yekuzarura uye nzira dzinotungamirira nerve fibers nemidziyo yeropa.

Saka, nekuda kwechigadzirwa chayo chakaoma, pfupa remukati redehenya rinoita mabasa akawanda panguva imwe chete.

Mukati mepamberi pfupa ibasa.

Skull Tsvina

Mapfupa echikamu chekuona checheki ndeye:

1. Kusagadziriswa: kusvibiswa, mandibular (chikonzero chekukanganiswa kwemapfupa emazino akabatana) uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa (zvinogadzirisa rurimi, huro uye maronda emapfupa) epafupa.

2. Vakaroorana:

• Maxillary (akabatanidzwa nedhipatimendi reuropi);
• Zvinyorwa (anterior mafupa ejaya);
• Mapfupa ePalatine (kuumba pasi pehenya);
• Pterygoid mafupa;
• Cheekbones (tanga zygomatic arch uye chikamu inotenderera).

Mu maxilla uye mandible alveoli, mazino makumi maviri nemaviri anowanikwa kune vanhu vakuru. Tsvina yechipfu inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwebitambo.

Mune maxillary bone kune zvitadzo, izvo pamwe chete neyepamberi uye sphenoid ossicles, pamwe chete nebyara ye bone lated, inoumba zvibato zvepasanasal zvakakonzerwa nemucheche.

Mumakumbo uye mapainel, mapfupa asina kusimba ejecha anoonekwa.

Maitiro emapfupa ehenya

Dhehenya racho rinoumbwa nemapfupa akapfava anokonzerwa nemagetsi uye spongy (diploe). Kubva kune rumwe rutivi rweuropi, ndiro yezvinhu zvakadai yakaoma uye inoputsa nyore nekutambudzika. Iyo poniard inonamatira kumapfupa ari mumumvuri, ichiumba kune dzimwe nzvimbo subperiosteal nzvimbo ine chisina kusimba. Kubva mukati kunotanga dambudziko rakaoma reuropi.

Mhando dzekubatanidzwa kwemapfupa ehenya

Mhando huru yemapfupa emapfupa e-neurocranium is syndesmosis. Kazhinji kubatana kwakadaro kunomiririrwa neserrated sutures; Chero bedzi pakati pemapfupa emukati uye parietal is scaly suture. Tsvina yechiso ine zvinyoro zvakanyanyisa. Anatomically, ganda rinowanzotaurwa nemazita emapfupa anogadzira nekubatsirwa naro, achiumba dhehenya. Kubatana kwemapfupa edehenya kunosanganisira imwe sagittal suture (nenzira iyo parietal parietal bone yechehenya yakabatana), coronary (inobatanidza parietal nemapfupa epamberi) uye lambdoid (inobatanidza occipital uye parietal mafupa).

Uyewo, majoini asina kugadzikana anogona kuitika, dzimwe nguva zvichibva pakushaikwa kwekate ossification.

Kusungirirwa kwemeno

Mhando dzekubatanidzwa kwemapfupa ejecha dzinosanganisira vkolachivaniya - rudzi rwe syndesmosis, runomiririrwa nechisungo chezino kumasana - mandible uye maxilla.

Mazino anoumbwa nezvidimbu zvinotevera: pamusoro pezvo zvakagadziriswa, pasi payo dentin yakasimba, mukati maro inoumbwa musango wepaspiti une pulp (kupfuura midziyo uye nerve). Pasi pemudziro kunewo simenti - micheka ye fibrous, yakasimbiswa neshizha. Zino rinowananidzwa nemagadzirirwo emagetsi ejaya nerubatsiro rwemasenti uye periontal ligaments.

Izvi zvinogadzirwa nemhando dzakagadzirwa nekubatsira kwemahwendefa maviri eortical uye chinhu chinoputika pakati pavo. Nzvimbo iri pakati peplate inopatsanurwa nenzira dzekudzivirira mukati mawo mugave egaveo. Midzi yezino yakakomberedzwa ne-periontal ligament - iyo inogadzirisa mavara, akaumbwa kubva kumabhande emhando dzakasiyana uye dzakasiyana-siyana, ndiye iye anogadzirisa midzi yezino kumusere.

Temporomandibular joint

Mhemberero yacho iri pairi (mapandi maviri emandi anoshanda pamwe chete, ari akaoma), akabatanidzwa (kune dhi retictic), ellipsoidal. Iyo inoumba mandible (seyiyo pfupa remafungu ehenya), kana kuti iyo musoro wayo wokutaura, uye nzira dzemazuva epfupa. Iyo capsule yakasununguka, iyo majoka ine magira mukati uye kunze kwayo.

Mubatanidzwa unokwanisa kuita zvinotevera:

• Kumusoro nekudzika (kuvhura nekuvhara muromo);
• Kufambisa kwefambisi;
• Kusungira rushaya mberi.

Atlantoccipital joint

Dhehenya, iyo inotenderera iyo inobvumira kuti iite basa rinodzivirira, rinogonawo kuita maitiro akasiyana-siyana nekuda kwekubatanidza kusanganisa bone occipital uye vertebra yekutanga (inotora). Pachikamu chake, chibatanidzwa chinoumbwa nemaitiro e occipital bone; Iyo yakaiswa pairi (sezvo mabonde maviri anonamatira pamakomba articular ekutengesa) ndeye ellipsoidal, ine maviri maviri (anterior uye posterior), uye mitezo inotevera.

Kubudirira kweganga riri muinenegenis

Kukura kwePininatal kunosanganisira nhanho nhatu: nhengo dzomumakumbo, mutsara uye bone. Chikamu chekutanga chinobva kumavhiki maviri, yechipiri - kubvira pamakore maviri embryo maitiro. Panguva imwecheteyo, munzvimbo dzakawanda dzekutsvaga tsvina dzinodarika chikamu chechipiri.

Dhehenya racho rinobva kune imwe nzvimbo yekare, meshenemyme uye rudiments yemagill arches. Sezvo uropi, mitsetse nemitsipa yeropa zvichikura, zvinoumba zvakakomberedza. Mabhesi akaparadzaniswa muzvidzidzo (zvichibva kunezvibatanidza zvigunwe) uye wechipiri (inotangira kurutikiti). Pane imwe nguva, foci yekussification inowanikwa mumusango, iyo inokura zvakadzika, kuumba mahwendefa emagetsi uye echipongedzere.

Zviratidzo zvegadziriro yehenya iri mumangwana

Mafupa emucheche akasiyana zvakasiyana nezvingaonekwa kune munhu mukuru. Dhehenya racho rakanyatsokurudzirwa uye rinoremekedza muviri wose uye rine denderedzwa rakakura, uye uropi huno hukuru pane hunoona. Zvisinei, mutsauko mukuru uri muhupo hwetipainanelles - martilaginousous joints, zvakasara zveganda re membranous, iro rinozopedzisira rakatsiviwa nemapfupa emapfupa. Kuvapo kwavo kunobvumira mapfupa emusoro kuti aende, nokudaro achiibatsira kuti apfuure mumigero yekubereka pakuberekwa, kudzivirira kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana emakumbo. Izvo zvakare inogadzirisa nzira iyo inodzivirira huropi nemakakuvara kumusoro pakutanga kweupenyu.

Iko huru (anterior) fontanel ndiyo yakanyanyisa, iyo inotangira uye parietal bone yechehenya yakavharwa, inovhara kana mwana asvika makore maviri.

Chinhu chiduku (kumashure) chinonzi fontanel chiri pakati pemapfupa emaparietal uye occipital, inopfiga nokukurumidza - ikozvino mumwedzi wechipiri kana wechitatu wekuvandudza kwomwana.

Iko kunewo maduku maduku akafanana nemastoid fontanels ari pane zvisikwa zvepamusoro zvedehenya uye asina kusimbiswa mushure mekuberekwa.

Zviratidzo zvegadziriro yehenya kana achiri muduku

Muviri womunhu unokura uye unowedzera kusvika makore makumi maviri namaviri. Kusvikira panguva ino, kune rudzi rwakadaro rwekubatanidzwa kwemapfupa ehenya, sezvakaita synchondrosis, yakaumbwa nefiber fibraous cartilaginous tishu. Iko iripo pakati pemabhedha uye occipital bone, uyewo pakati pezvikamu zvina zvemaspipital bone. Pasi pedhi rehenya kune stony-occipital synchondrosis, pamwe nekuputika kwezvisikwa zvepactilaginous pamusana we bone sphenoid uye jira. Nokufamba kwenguva, mapfupa emapfupa anowedzera munzvimbo yavo, uye syndesmosis inooneka.

Nokudaro, zvakajeka kuti zvinorevei zvinoshandiswa nehomwe yevanhu inotakura. Kubatanidzwa kwemapfupa edehenya kunogadzirwa nenzira yakadaro iyo inobvumira kuti pfupa rose rive rakasimba zvakanyanya, richizadzisa basa rekuchengetedzwa kweuropi, nhengo dzemanzwi, midziyo inokosha uye nerve fiber. Saka zvakakosha kuti uchengetedze musoro wako kubva pamakumbo, matambudziko uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekukuvadzwa.

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