Entropy - nayo ... Pfungwa entropy. Standard entropy

Entropy - shoko vazhinji vakanzwa, asi vashoma vanonzwisisa. Uye tinofanira kubvuma kuti mugumo usati kuona musimboti Fani iyi zviri nyore. Zvisinei, izvi hazvifaniri isu tyisidzira. Zvakawanda chii tichigara, isu, chokwadi, zvinogona kutsanangurwa zvechipameso chete. Uye hatisi kutaura pamusoro maonero kana ruzivo imwe munhu. Kwete We kutaura pamusoro raora zivo yesayenzi panguva kurasa vanhu.

Makwanza Serious iripo kwete chete mukuziva Galactic kukura, somuenzaniso, munyaya mumakomba vatema uye wormholes, asi kuti tichigara dzose. Somuenzaniso, vachiri gakava pamusoro omuzvarirwo chiedza kure kuitwa. Uye ndiani anogona kugadzirisa kuburikidza pfungwa nguva? nyaya dzakadaro - siyana zvikuru. Asi ino Ndichaenda kutsanangura entropy. Kwemakore akawanda, masayendisiti ari kunetseka pfungwa "entropy". Chemistry uye Physics somukombe kudzidza ichi chisinganzwisisike chaiyo. Tichaedza kuwana chii akanga ngakuzivikanwe nguva yedu.

Nhanganyaya mafungiro ari academia

Pfungwa entropy mune zvakatipoteredza nyanzvi akatanga akakurumbira yemasvomhu wokuGermany Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius. Zviri nyore, kuti musayendisiti akasarudza kutsvaka zvokuita simba. Mupfungwa ipi? Kuenzanisira, ngatirege kureva vakawanda kuedza uye kunzwisisa pfungwa, masvomhu uye muenzaniso Kunyatsoziva kwatiri kubva muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Munofanira kuva achinyatsoziva kuti kana iwe undoraira, itii, serura bhatiri, uwandu simba aunganidza ari mabhatiri zvichava zvishoma chaizvoizvo kubva pemambure. Kune vamwe varasikirwa. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva tiri kujaira. Asi chokwadi chokuti kurasikirwa kwakadaro kuitika dzimwe Akanyatsovharwa gadziriro. For mathematicians, yefizikisi, ichi idambudziko hombe. Kudzidza nyaya iyi uye akashanda Rudolf Clausius.

Somugumisiro, iye akauyisa prelyubopytny chokwadi. Kana isu, zvakare, kubvisa yakaoma mazwi, richareva kuti entropy - ndiwo musiyano akakodzera uye chairo muitiro.

Fungidzira kuti uine chitoro. Uye unofanira kuitira kuzadziswa 100 makirogiramu bhuratifuru mari 10 VUV pa makirogiramu. Kuisa chiratidzo 2 Tug pamusoro pounds, uchawana kubva kutengeswa 1200 VUV achapa posited mari kuti nokutengesa uye kusiya pachako hwakaisvonaka mazana maviri VUV.

Saka, zvakanga rondedzero muitiro wakakwana. Uye chero marketer anoziva, kubudikidza iyoyo, uchatengesa yose bhuratifuru, vachafanira nguva nokuomesa nokuda 15 muzana. A 20 muzana uye anoita nokuora, uye ivo chete akanyorwa kure. Asi ichi ndicho chaiyo muitiro.

Saka, pfungwa entropy, izvo Nokufarisisa munhu akarongeka ezvinhu, Rudolf Clausius, rinorondedzerwa so ukama kwegadziriro umo entropy kuwedzera kunoenderana tembiricha wegadziriro hama kuti kukosha kwakakwana razero. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinoratidza kukosha tsvina (vakarasika) simba.

The paakati anoyera mhirizhonga

Kunyange zvichibvira kuti kugoverana zvimwe zvitendero vanoti entropy - chiyero nyonganyonga. Ndiko, kana tikatora sezvo muenzaniso namahwindo gadziriro vari yemanyorero kamuri mudzidzi haina vakachenesa pakarepo yunifomu vachafanira kurondedzera zvimwe entropy. Asi kukosha kwayo mumamiriro ezvinhu ishoma. Asi kana ari Kuwedzera kumwaya matoyi, kuunza couple kubva kicheni (Chokwadi, zvishoma kukuvara) akasiya nezvokudya patafura zvose mabhuku okuchikoro, iyo entropy wegadziriro (uye zvikurukuru nyaya iyi - kamuri) ichamuka nehasha.

kunzwisisa nyaya

Entropy nhau - yakaoma chaizvo kutsanangura muitiro. Masayendisiti akawanda pamusoro rokupedzisira remakore chakakonzera kuti adzidze mashandiro basa rayo. Uyezve, pfungwa entropy rinoshandiswa kwete chete masvomhu uye wefizikisi. Iyewo ane nzvimbo zvakakodzera mune kemisitiri. Vamwe mhizha kurishandisa kutsanangura kunyange mupfungwa pezvakaitwa mu hwevanhu. Ngationei musiyano iri mashoko ari yefizikisi matatu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anoratidza entropy, Ukuwo, uye mubatanidzwa wavo kuchatibatsira kurudzosa zvakawanda coherent mufananidzo.

mvumo Clausius

Haagoni kuchinja kubva pakupisa muviri kubva yakaderera tembiricha muviri kuti kwirirei.

Ongorora uchapupu iri nyore. Iwe havazombokwanisi adziyirwe maoko inotonhora, uti, muduku muchando puppy sezvo ungadai aifarira kumubatsira. Saka tinofanira kuramba pachipfuva chake, apo tembiricha iri kupfuura zviri parizvino.

kufarirwa Thomson

Haikwanise dzinoona mugumisiro iro raizova zvachose basa nokuda kupisa, akatorwa mumwe mitumbi.

Uye kana iwe zvikuru nyore, zvinoreva kuti zviri panyama hazviiti kuvaka nokusingaperi inofamba muchina. Usabvumira kuti entropy munhu namahwindo hurongwa.

Boltzmann kutora

Entropy haagoni kuderera mune namahwindo ezvinhu, kureva, avo kuti urege kugamuchira zvokunze simba recharge.

Pfungwa iyi akazunungusa kutenda vatsigiri vakawanda dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, uye vakamanikidzwa kuti tinyatsofungisisa pamberi zvakasikwa Musiki akachenjera. Sei?

Nokuti default ari namahwindo ezvinhu, entropy nguva dzose inowedzera. Saka, kuwedzera nokuti vabereki zvagadzikana. Nekure zvinogona chete kuva nokuda kwokunze simba recharge. Uye mutemo uyu, tiri kuona zuva. Kana musingadi hanya mubindu, imba, motokari, uye zvichingodaro. E., Vanosara dzoparara.

In megamasshtabah muchadenga chedu - ariwo namahwindo hurongwa. Uye masayendisiti vakagumisa kuti kuvapo kwedu chaizvo zvinofanira kuratidza kuti kumwe pane recharge ichi kwokunze simba. Naizvozvo hazvishamisi nhasi kuti astrophysicists vanotenda muna Mwari.

museve nguva

Mumwe muenzaniso tsanzira kwazvo entropy zvinogona achimiririrwa museve nguva. Iyo entropy zvinoratidza umo mirayiridzo kuchaita muitiro panyama.

Zvechokwadi, hazvingaiti kuti vanzwe kudzingwa yacho webindu, iwe uchava kutarisira kuti munzvimbo yaakanga asina basa, zvingava zvikuru yakarurama uye zvakanaka achidzidziswa. Just nevakomana - kana musingadi kuzoripa mumwe mushandi, kwapera nguva, kunyange bindu runonakidza kuuya dongo.

Entropy mu kemesitiri

In kuranga "Chemistry" Entropy chinokosha chakarurama. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ukoshi hwayo rinokanganisa nemakemikari.

Ndiani asina kumboona zvaitaurwa firimu umo vatambi vari zvakarurama hwakatamisirwa mudziyo pamusoro nitroglycerin, anotya kutsamwisa Explosão richizvitenda unopinza kufamba? Yaiva kuona kubatsira nheyo entropy kwemakemikari. Kana wake mufananidzo paakasvika yakaoma iyi, zvingava maitiro yakatanga, zvakazoita kuputika.

The hurongwa nyonganyonga

Kakawanda nharo entropy - ndiyo chido nenyonganyonga. Chaizvoizvo shoko "entropy" zvinoreva kutendeukira kana kutenderera. Isu kare kuti kuratidza chiito. Very dzinonakidza munyika iyi, iyo entropy yacho gasi. Ngatitaurei edza kufungidzira sei zvinoitika.

Tora up gadziriro zvinosanganisira vaviri kunofambidzana mumidziyo, imwe neimwe iri gasi. The nevamwe Midziyo kusvikira vakanga zvakasimba interconnected, akanga akasiyana. Fungidzira zvakaitika panguva samolecular vanochiva kana vari kuisa pamwechete.

The revanhu mamorekuru pasi zvakawanda kumanikidzwa, akabva vakamhanyira kuhama dzake, uyo akararama kusvikira zvikuru pachena. Saka, havana makawedzera kumanikidzwa ikoko. Izvi zvinogona kufananidzwa nzira mvura richierera muimba yokugezera. Ukapfuurira rimwe divi, iye pakarepo anongovangira mumwe. Saizvozvowo, morekuru yedu. Uye kwedu kure zvakakwana kubva zvokunze simba, ivo achasundira wegadziriro chero kwete kumisa rakaisvonaka zvakanakanaka yose vhoriyamu. Zvino, kana kumativi mumwe Morekuru ichange yakanyatsoenzana nzvimbo dzakafanana yakavakidzana uye vamwe vose. Uye zvichava zvepamusoro entropy mu kemisitiri. Rotations uye transformations kunoguma.

Standard entropy

Masayendisiti haana kusiyiwa kuedza avo kuronga patsanura kunyange nyangarara. Nokuti entropy mutengo tinofanira kuva muzvizhinji kuti chokuita ezvinhu, okuti "mureza entropy" wakatangwa. Tsika zvinodiwa izvi zviri muchidimbu rinokosha tafura, saka unogona kuita Masvomhu nyore uye kugadzirisa siyana chikumbiro mabasa.

Default tsika pa mwero entropy kufunga mamiriro ezvinhu kumanikidzwa mumwe chadenga uye tembiricha 25 Celsius. Sezvo tembiricha kunowedzera nhamba kunowedzerawo.

Codes uye Ciphers

Panewo mashoko entropy. Rakagadzirirwa kubatsira encrypting ari encoded mashoko. Nokuti mashoko entropy - ndiye ndingangokuvara predictability mashoko. Uye kana nyore chaizvo mashoko, zviri sei nyore Zvichava kutsemuka ari intercepted Cipher.

Ungazviita sei? Pakutanga, zvinoita sokuti, pasina kunyange chipi panobva Data kunzwisisa coded mashoko haagoni kuva. Asi ichi hachisi chokwadi. Pano unosvika mukana.

Fungidzira munhu peji ane encrypted mashoko. Munoziva kuti kushandiswa mutauro wokuRussia, asi vatambi vasingatombozivi. Where kutanga? Chimbofunga: chii mukana kuti tsamba muchasangana papeji iri "b"? Uye mukana dzagumburwa tsamba "Haiwa"? System, munonzwisisa. Pakuverenga vevatambi vari rakajairika (uye runenge zvichida - uyu unokosha chakarurama), uye ichienzaniswa peculiarities mutauro umo shoko rakanyorwa.

Uyezve, pane kakawanda, uye mune mimwe mitauro uye akatsiga mubatanidzwa tsamba. ruzivo urwu chinoshandiswawo decrypt. Zviya, nzira iri kushandiswa yakakurumbira Sherlock Holmes nyaya "The Adventure of Dancing Men". Saizvozvowo kutyora Zvinganzi zviratidzo zviri run-kusvikira Second World War.

Uye mashoko entropy rinotarisirwa kuwedzera rakavimbika Coding. Nokuda hwokurara Masvomhu Mathematics anogona kuongorora uye kuvandudza yaida shifrovschikami kusarudza.

Kukurukura rima nyaya

Dzidziso iro chete akamirira chizadzikiswe, zhinji. Mumwe wavo anorondedzera Chiitiko kuti entropy ane hwakanyatsorwisa ichangobva kuwanikwa rima nyaya. Rinoti kuti simba arasika ari nyore dzikwanise murima. Vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi vanofungidzira kuti muchadenga chedu muzana 4 chete nokuwa panyaya sezvo tinozviziva. Uye vamwe 96 muzana vanoshanda unexplored panguva - murima.

ndozvaari iye akagamuchira nokuti haina kushamwaridzana remagetsi nemwaranzi uye inongorira nayo (sezvo zvose zvizivikanwe kusvika nguva zvinhu zvose). Naizvozvo, panguva ino kukura yokudzidza Sayenzi rima nyaya wayo zvivako hazvibviri.