Ndechipi chidzidzo kuRussia yekare? Pfungwa yokuti "Zvidzidzo" in Ancient Rus

Ndechipi chidzidzo kuRussia yekare? Pfungwa iyi zvakabatana chaizvo zita Olga (ca. 920 -. 969) - chirikadzi Muchinda Kiev Igor, uyo akaurayiwa muna Iskorosten Drevlyane.

Kiev Prince Igor Ruricovich

Achironga kuvhomora zvizere pfungwa "zvidzidzo" muRussia yekare, kuti atange kufunga nyaya kwakabva, kubva pakutanga, kuti ndiye, pamwe nokufa pakati Prince Igor. Akanga pachigaro choushe pashure pokufa Varangian Olega Veschego. Zvinoshamisa kuti muchinda asingadi kuratidza. Several dzakaitwa Byzantium hwakaguma remuSamoa. Kuwedzera nguva refu kuti kutengeserana chibvumirano pamwe nevaGiriki, vasaina ne Oleg muna 911 basa mutongi unremarkable. Mumwe anogona chete chiitiko kunonyadzisa kwevavengi rufu.

Igor chiito zvingaita sezvinoshamisa. Inoitwa pakuti takati tapedza wepagore kuunganidzwa mutero munyika vaaitonga Drevlyane retainers ake arambe ndisingambofariri ukuru hwaro. Zvino muchinda vakadzokera guta guru Drevlyane Iskorosten (Korosten) kuti kuzodzosera ugororo. A kungonyuka Vagari chokumuuraya.

Princess Olga - mukadzi pachigaro choushe rokutanga

Simba iri kune chirikadzi yomuchinda. Munyika inotongwa nemasoja, mukadzi murombo vaifanira kuratidza vanhu vake uye vavengi kuti zvinogona akaenzana murume wake. Kuchitanga kutsiva. YaMakoronike taura 4 chiito, zvaisanganisira mu nyaya yake yokutonga.

Izvi Puzzles nedzimwe Drevlianys chokuita yemariro tsika. Latest mhirizhonga pamusoro Drevlyane hwakaparadzwa ravo guru. Vavesa ruchirwisana Iskorosten nemwanakomana wake Svyatoslav akatungamirira yokuzviparadzanisa guru, muchindakadzi akapisa yemapuranga muguta.

Chii anonzi "zvidzidzo" muRussia yekare? Mushure kudzvinyirira pakati Drevlyane Olga akatanga kuedza kubvisa zvinokonzera yokupanduka uye zvematongerwo enyika kwokusakwana, mutengo uye akawana pfungwa kwakasvika nguva yedu.

Economic enyika ezvinhu pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi in Ancient Rus

Kusvikira ushe Kievan Rus Duchess akaramba Varangian raitongwa. vabati Its Rurik kuita nzendo refu, akavaka nhare. Kubva zvinyorwa zvekare zviri pachena kuti VaViking haana pachako statehood kwavo uye vaisagona chiitiko ichi kuRussia. Vari kushingaira kukura uye rwizi dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana, uyewo chizvarwa veko kwamachinda.

Pakatanga mvura dzokutengeserana zviumbu anotanga kukura aunopiwa kwezvivako ikoko. Yakanga kurudziro simba kukudziri- socio-mamiriro ezveupfumi uye mumwe murayiro. Power munguva dzekare aiva muparamende uye murongi upfumi. Machinda kudzora gang. Kuvakwa mamiriro rinonzi Kievan Rus.

Kuedza kudzora uye centralization: kuti zvinoreva "zvidzidzo" in Ancient Rus

Nascent vepamusoro vaigamuchira mari kuona vavariro dzavo akandosungawo Byzantium, nemuchato mutero kubva yakakunda nemadzinza Novgorod: 300 Hryvnia pagore nokuda kwenyika. Polyude anotsanangurwa mabhuku, kureva kuunganidzwa mutero muchinda Kiev mari uye zviwanikwa zvibereko, kwete kugumisa-rinopfungaira of vakaungana pfuma. Court muchirimo ane mutero kubva Novgorod, Smolensk, Chernigov nevamwe. Vakaungana Kiev. Uye muna June zvikepe pamwe nenhumbi vakaenda Constantinople. Izvi zvinoratidzwa Ages zvibvumirano pamwe Byzantium, apo vakawanda nyaya vakazvipira kusvika pamutemo mutemo wezvokutengeserana.

Muchinda uye ake navaranda ndivo chete simba chinobatanidza necheSalvic kwemadzinza nyika. Vaiva vateresi bailiffs. The bhurigedhi akapiwa vamwe mari kuburikidza pauzima kuunganidzwa mutero, chikamu mabasa uye rutsigiro rwemauto. Vagari aifanira kupa navo panguva mabasa avo basa. In Russia yekare kwakasimbiswa rinokosha kudzora mashandiro: nefeodalno-muranda ukama mhando. Unorema vemo - vemunharaunda (vakasununguka vanhuwo zvavo), chimwe chikamu - the kukupfura. Nokuda kwokushayikwa panyika varidzi, muchinda vakagamuchira yacho vokuparidzira, kuti chinhu mutero.

Mitero IX-X emakore

Gore negore, kubva November kusvika April kwomuchinda navaranda mari muna 2 nzira:

• tinker - rokumanikidzirwa hurukuro kune kwomuchinda kudare zvirimwa uye ounyanzvi;
• polyude - dhituwa varwi nyika uye kuunganidzwa mari, zvokudya, nhumbi.

Vatambi Mapurogiramu mutero vaiva varwi vaduku.

The mitero maitiro akanga zvakananga uye havana kupa mitemo yakajeka uye kurongeka. Mitero vaiva kwemashifiti, uye dzimwe nguva zvinopfuura kuti zvakakonzera Kusagutsikana uye kupandukira. Chete pakati remakore rechigumi, yokutanga nguva pane akarayira nzira, achitsanangura kuti chidzidzo chakadaro Russia yekare.

Paiva zvinoverengeka zvisina kunanga mitero muchimiro kutengesa mari yechikoro uye dare fines:

• strangles vaibhadharisawo chokufambisa kwenhumbi mhiri muganhu gomo uye mvura;
• uremu uye chiyero - azvaitwa nokuda yairema uye kuyera nhumbi;
• zvokutengeserana yakaendeswa vatengesi pamisika;
• Vaigara mhosva nokuti mudziyo zvitoro;
• Vira - chirango yokuuraya somuranda.

Reform pamusoro Princess Olga

Igor rufu achisunda Olga pamusoro chiito wehurumende rokutanga. Akapinda kumakuva uye zvidzidzo. This Russia yekare ndipo pakatangira upfumi basa. Asati varo chikuru kwave yemamiriro mamiriro wokuti kukunda, pane pezviri utariri. "Zvidzidzo" kukosha Rus yekare, tsanangudzo dzavo uye kukosha kuti nyika hwakadzama mubhuku yaMakoronike Nestor. Olga haana zvinopambwa nyika uye vakavhura flexibly, "rinobva Volga navaranda, ustavlyayuschi charters uye zvidzidzo." Its kuchinja vaiva norugare.

Princess vakanga vakatakura pamusoro kwokushanduka:

• Ndokunyengetererai kukura mutero;
• danschikov chinangwa - avo anokonzera kuunganidzwa mutero;
• tsanangudzo bhuku pfungwa - anokosha nzvimbo yechikoro.

Zvidzidzo uye makuva muRussia yekare

Kuti kunyatsonzwisisa zvakataurwa chidzidzo Russia yekare, zvakakodzera kuti tiongorore Article 8 ano Tax Code. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinhu izvi zvakanga wokutanga kuedza vakananga autocracy uye kwemitemo. Innovation raida ezvinhu matsva uye ukama. Charters uye zvidzidzo zviri nokugoverwa sungiro uye bhuku mirayiro basa nesimba. Misasa uye kumakuva zvinopupurira kuongorora miganhu uye basa mutoro vanhu, uyewo mutero ikaunganidzwa muchando, dzaida inodziya nzvimbo uye cache. Distance kumakuva zvaida kuzvidzora pasi. Saka, dzakatevedzana matanho akatorwa kurutivi murunyararo urongwa dzomunyika upfumi.

Chokutanga, muchindakadzi rave vakakamura nyika townships, nzvimbo iyo akaita kumakuva - guru kutenga musha, akamira pamahombekombe nzizi.

Saka ndezvipi zvidzidzo muRussia yekare? Definition anopiwa mu "Chokwadi Russian", iro rinoreva zvinokosha vakuru-Tiuna. Vaiunganidza mutero kubva nemadzinza hwatinopiwa kururamisira. Kazhinji chokwadi chinosimbiswa kuburikidza zvapupu. Kana vakasagadzirisa kutendeuka kubva Tiunov akareva clairvoyants vechihedheni. Akakuvadza aibhadhara yakanaka, uye kana kudarika hurumende yeko yainzi pamusoro kubatsira varwi. Simba guru hunopiwa kudzora Princess kana aigona pakarepo tione Kuedzwa, uye gomo mhosva kana usimbe Tiuna.

Kwakabva shoko "chidzidzo"

Zvinoreva "zvidzidzo" muRussia yekare ine zvinoreva chibvumirano, kutengeserana, ukama vashanduri zvinobatsira. Mabviro ezwi rokuti kuchakubatsira kunzwisisa muudzame chii. Shoko zvinotora mumutauro Proto-necheSalvic uye anobva chete midzi "kutaura / Resch" apo mutauro rakaumbwa muna yechihedheni ezvinhu, uye nenzira iyi tsika nezviito. Shoko "River" rinoratidza mumwe akanaka uye chokuita uroyi, uye gare gare kuitwa chiKristu, Mwari uye mitemo yakagadzwa munyika.

Russian rechiito "urochit" chinyatsofunga inzwi kuti "profita" musoro "kuti nokuroya, kugadza" chidzidzo - ". Mashiripiti nemashoko" Pasi pokudzora okusachena ane ruzha dzakawanda rinobva "rwizi" Rock, Nokureva, Prophet, kushorwa, narekat, mhiko chidzidzo. Ipapo shoko "chidzidzo" anotanga mamwe kongiri chimiro uye kunorondedzerwa se "mutemo, mutero kana kubhadharwa." Zvadaro, mutengo nhete uye wokufananidzira nechinangwa: "chinhu pakusimbisa," apo tine wemishonga "rokuchikoro", "Kudzidzisa awa".

Ndechipi chidzidzo kuRussia yekare: mhedziso

Kukura itsva ukama chinokosha-mari inobva chidzidzo - ne- mutero. Akadzokorora muunganidzwa kubva payer haana zvinogoneka ino. Kuchinja akasimbisa chehurumende, ndakasika munhu sangano akasimba mitero, tsunga administrative miganhu, kuwedzerwa administrative midziyo. uye hurumende varidzi uye zveminda vakanga delineated.
Olga kushanda kwete chete mumhuri mutemo, asiwo akakura mumudzimu pakutevedzera wokumwe negwaro. Zvaakanga kuchiKristu, kuva mutongi wehurumende vechihedheni, zvinoita chiito rechipiri - zvokunamata. It akapa nyika pachena-tsika chimiro, izvo kune pamwero mukuru kwakaita kuti kukura chidzidzo. Orthodoxy in Ancient Rus akawana simba uye kuzvidzora ruzivo.