The kwemakemikari ehupfumi kuti tungsten. Unhu mafomu ose tungsten

Tungsten - ndiwo makemikari chinhu periodic table, raiva Group VI. Zvakasikwa tungsten kunoitika sezvo musanganiswa isotopes shanu. Mune kwakajairika tsika uye pasi kwakajairika ezvinhu, ndiwo yakasimba chesimbi sirivha-pfumbu ruvara. Rinotaurawo ndiyo refractory chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi zvose.

Basic ehupfumi kuti tungsten

Tungsten - resimbi rine kunoshamisa mumuviri uye nemakemikari zvivako. Munenge matavi zvose okuwana ano rinoshandiswa tungsten. The yemaitiro Kazhinji chinotaurwa sokuti simbi oxide mazita - Wo _3. Tungsten ndiyo refractory simbi. Zvinofungirwa kuti chete seaborgium kunogona kunyanya tugoplavok. Asi chero hazvigoni kunorehwa, sezvo seaborgium ane pfupi chaizvo muupenyu.

simbi iyi ine yakananga mumuviri uye nemakemikari zvivako. Tungsten ane arambe achirema pamusoro 19300 makirogiramu / m ^3, ayo utsotso tembiricha iri 3410 ° C. By parameter ichi zviri wechipiri chete kabhoni - graphite kana nedhaimani. Zvakasikwa tungsten kunoitika sezvo shanu akatsiga isotopes. vakawanda nhamba dzavo zvinobva 180 kusvika 186. Tungsten ane Valence 6 maminitsi, uye yeimwe kungava 0, 2, 3, 4 uye 5. The simbi anewo zvakakwana yakakwirira azvipire chafariz conductivity. Nokuti tungsten, nhamba 163 W / (m * wakaporesa). Maererano pfuma iyi, kunyange kwazvo yeimwe akadai aruminiyamu alloys. Misa tungsten nokuda kwayo arambe achirema izvo zvakaenzana 19kg / m ^3. The mwero oxidation ose tungsten anoda kubva +2 kusvika +6. simbi ane acidic zvivako, uye nechezasi chepamusoro dhigirii ayo oxidation - zvinokosha.

Saka alloys ose akaderera tungsten yeimwe vanoonekwa kugadzikana. Zvikuru nemishonga ndivo yeimwe kuva nedhigirii matanhatu. Ivo kuratidza zvikuru maitiro uye namakemikari zvivako zviri simbi. Tungsten uderedze nyore kuumba zvivako. Asi simbi tungsten iri kazhinji nemishonga chaizvo. Rwunotanga kushamwaridzana okisijeni chete ari kudziya +400 ° C. The sekristaro yekamuri pamusoro tungsten chokuita hwakavakirwa muviri-cubic mhando.

Kudyidzana nevamwe makemikari

Kana tungsten yakavhenganiswa yakaoma fluorine, mukomboni kunogona kuwanikwa pasi zita "hexafluoride", panguva imwe tembiricha kuti 2,5 ° C inonyunguduka uye mamota pa 19,5 ° C. A yakafanana zvinhu inotengwa apo mukomboni kuti tungsten kuiisa chlorine. Asi ichi kuita zvinoda panzvimbo yakakwirira tembiricha - 600 ° C. Zvisinei, nefuma nyore ungapikisa chiito mvura inoparadza uye kushanda zvisingachinji muchando. Tungsten - simbi, zvisina pasina okisijeni maitiro unobereka nemukuparadzwa mu alkalis. Zvisinei, zviri nyore zvazvichanyungudutswa musanganiswa HNO ₃ uye Zvakanaka hf. Vazhinji chikuru makemikari ose tungsten - raro trioxide Wo _3, H ₂ Nhamo ₄ - tungstic asidhi uye nomukaka ayo - tungstates munyu.

Mumwe anogona kufunga mamwe makemikari zvivako zviri tungsten kubva kuita equations. Somuenzaniso, kuti nzira Wo ₃ + 3 ₂ = W + 3h ₂ O. Zvinonzi akapora kubva tungsten simbi oxide kunoratidza pfuma yayo kuti kushamwaridzana rehydrogen. mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi inoratidza muitiro yokuwana nayo kubva tungsten trioxide. Mutoo chinoreva pfuma akadai tungsten anobatsira insolubility mu acids: W + 2HNO3 + 6HF = WF6 + 2NO + 4H2O. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvinhu zvine tungsten carbonyl vaiona. Kwazviri uye kugamuchira gobvu ultrathin unhani yakaisvonaka tungsten.

History yakawanikwa

Tungsten - resimbi anowana zita rayo kubva mutauro rechiLatin. Ashandurwa zvinoreva "Bere kuti froth". Zita iri chinoshamisa akazviratidza nokuda kwemaitiro zvesimbi. Munyaya mined mhangura netini, tungsten, tini zvakavhiringidza kusarudzwa. Nokuda kwayo mubishi simbi gang chete kuumbwa. simbi iyi akati "anodya gaba akafanana bere kudya makwai." Vakawanda vanonetseka akawana makemikari maatomu akafanana tungsten?

Zvakawanikwa izvi dzesayenzi chakaitwa panguva imwe chete munzvimbo mbiri nemasayendisiti zvakasiyana, tisingatungamirirwi mumwe. Muna 1781 iri kemisiti Scheele wokuSweden akagamuchira vanonzi "ibwe inorema", kuitisa kuedza vane nitric asidhi uye scheelite. Muna 1783, hama mishonga kubva Spain, Eluard zita Akataurawo kuwanikwa munhu chinhu chitsva. More chaizvo, ivo akasvinudzwa tungsten oxide zvazvichanyungudutswa amoniya.

The alloys pamwe nedzimwe simbi

Pari kusiyanisa chimwe chinhanho uye multi-danho tungsten alloys. Dzine mumwe kana kupfuura dzimwe okunze. Most kuzivikanwa remubatanidzwa - ane chiwanikwa kuti tungsten uye molybdenum. Chakawedzera molybdenum tungsten chatinopiwa simba pasi kusawirirana. Uyewo vari muchikwata che chete-danho tungsten alloys ndiko yeimwe pamwe titanium, hafnium, zirconium. Mukuru plasticity pamusoro tungsten zvakabatanidzwa rhenium. Zvisinei, mune tsika kushandisa chiwanikwa - mumwe muitiro nokururamisira unoparadza nguva-, sezvo Rhenium Zvakaoma kuwana.

Sezvo tungsten ndechimwe chezvinhu refractory zvokuvakisa, ari kugamuchira tungsten alloys - zvisiri nyore. Kana simbi iri kutotanga kubika, vamwe vari kutoita kutamira mune mvura kana gasi mamiriro. Asi masayendisiti ano vanogona kuwana alloys achishandisa electrolysis. Alloys ine tungsten, nickel uye cobalt, anoshandiswa kushandisa runodzivirira iri kusimba zvinhu.

Mazuva simbi indasitiri Vaigadzirira alloys vachishandisa tungsten upfu. Kusika zvakafanira chaiwo ezvinhu, kusanganisira nokuumba Vacuum kwezvakatipoteredza. Nekuti zvimwe zviri tungsten nekuita nevamwe zvinhu steelmakers vanosarudza alloys havaumbi maviri danho unhu, uye kushandisa 3, 4 kana kupfuura zvinoriumba. alloys ava kunyanya yakasimba, asi pachena abvume Masvomhu. Kuchangotanga kutsauka kubva muzana chiwanikwa zvinoriumba angapikisana pfava uye unusable.

Tungsten - chaikosha, iro rinoshandiswa unyanzvi

Kubva ichi simbi akaita filament munhuwo Mabumba. Uyewo, X-ray chubhu midziyo api aizova Vacuum vira kuti rakashandiswa pana zvikuru pamatunhu tembiricha. Steel, inosanganisira tungsten ane yakakwirira chaizvo pamwero simba. alloys kwakadaro inoshandiswa kugadzirwa zvekushandisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana nokuti kuchera, mushonga, injiniya.

The chikuru mukana yeimwe, uye tungsten simbi - kupfeka nemishonga unlikelihood kukuvara. Yakakurumbira chivako tungsten chiwanikwa anonzi "akunde." Uyewo chinhu ichi zvinowanzoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri. With kwayo Kuwedzera akasika pendi pigments. Kunyanya zvinowanzoshandiswa ichi munda akawana tungsten oxide 6. Rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzirwa tungsten carbides uye halides. Chimwe zita iri zvinhu - tungsten trioxide. 6 Tungsten oxide rinoshandiswa sezvo yero ruvara mune pendi nokuda Ceramics uye magirazi zvigadzirwa.

Ndezvipi inorema nesimbi?

All tungsten anotsanangura alloys vane arambe achirema indekisi yakakwirira, inonzi rinorema. Ivo anobudiswa chete dzokudzidzisa upfu simbi. Tungsten anogara hwaro rinorema chiwanikwa, sezvamakaropafadzwa anogutsikana zvinogona kusvika 98%. Uyewo simbi iyi vawedzera rinorema nesimbi nickel, mhangura nesimbi. Zvisinei, vanogona kupinda uye Chrome, sirivha, cobalt, molybdenum. The kukurumbira chikuru yawana vagari venguva duku alloys (tungsten - nickel - simbi) uye XIP (tungsten - nickel - mhangura). A mukuru pamwero arambe achirema pamusoro alloys izvi dzinovabvumira kupinza ngozi wegamma nemwaranzi. Of flywheels aya akaita engoro, zvemagetsi neshamwari, rotors kuti gyroscope.

tungsten carbide

Inenge hafu tungsten rakashandiswa kugadzirwa yakasimba nesimbi, kunyanya tungsten carbide, ine utsotso tembiricha kuti 2770 C. Tungsten carbide chinhu nemakemikari remubatanidzwa rine akaenzana uwandu kabhoni maatomu uye tungsten. chiwanikwa Izvi chaizvo namakemikari ehupfumi. Tungsten anoipa simba zvokuti kwazvo ichi chinoratidza simbi kaviri.

Tungsten carbide rinoshandiswa zvikuru muna indasitiri. Nokuti kugadzirwa nokuveza zvinhu kuva nemishonga kwazvo yakakwirira tembiricha abrasion. Uyewo nemhaka chaikosha ichi chinoitwa:

• Ndege zvikamu, motokari injini.
• Details nokuti musere musere.
• Medical uye pakuvhiya, izvo zvinoshandiswa abdominal kuvhiyiwa. munowanika anodhura pane yokurapwa simbi, asi ivo vari hunobudirira.
• Zvishongo kunyanya kubatikana mhete. Kwakadaro kukurumbira tungsten chokuita raro, nokuti vaviri vakaroorana rinomirira simba ukama, uyewo chitarisiko. Features kukwenenzverwa tungsten muchimiro yakadaro kuti kwenguva yakareba chaizvo nguva hunochengetedza girazi, kupenyerera chitarisiko.
• Balls nokuti bhora-pfungwa zvinyoreso muumbozha.

Win - tungsten chiwanikwa

Inenge yechipiri yezana 1920s, nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga achibudiswa alloys nokuda kwokuparadza maturusi, izvo takagadzirira kubva tungsten carbide uye cobalt simbi. MuGermany, akadaro chiwanikwa inonzi Vidya, muUnited States - Karbolit. MuSoviet Union, imwe chiwanikwa akadaro anonzi "akunde." alloys Ndivo yakanaka kurapa kukandira simbi zvigadzirwa. Win munhu zvedongo-metal chiwanikwa ane chaizvo mukuru pamwero vakachengeteka. Wakaitwa muchimiro mahwendefa zvakasiyana zvitarisiko uye hukuru.

Pobedita kugadzira muitiro uri sezvinotevera: tora tungsten carbide upfu, nemicheka guruva rinopfumburwa nickel kana cobalt, uye zvose zviri vakavhengana uye akamanikidzwa mumweya chaihwo anoumba. Saka The chakatsindirwa ndiro pasi kumwe kupisa kurapwa. Izvi zvinopa zvakaoma chaizvo chiwanikwa. Mahwendefa aya kwete chete kushandiswa nokuveza kukandira simbi, asiwo zvaAtemisi boora Ezvemutauro. Mahwendefa pobedita soldered pamusoro kuchera midziyo uchishandisa mhangura.

Kuwanda tungsten zvakasikwa

ndiyo simbi iyi dukuduku kupararira mune zvakatipoteredza. Mushure ose okunze 57 zvinotora nzvimbo uye aripo Clark tungsten. Uyewo, iyo simbi iri zvicherwa - scheelite uye wolframite. Tungsten migrates kupinda pasi kana sezvo Ion zvavo kana muchimiro siyana yeimwe. Asi chikuru wevasungwa uri kunyora nezvavo mune pasi. Zviri hundredths mashoma MG / L uye kushanda haachinji zvavo namakemikari ehupfumi. Tungsten zvinogona kusunungurwa mu dzinongoitika mvura miviri kubva wastewater zvinomera uye mafekitari.

Sei muviri womunhu

Tungsten zvakaoma anouya achariwisira nemvura kana zvokudya. Panogona kuva pangozi inhalation kuti tungsten nezvimedu pamwe mhepo kumabasa. Zvisinei, pasinei kuva muchikwata inorema nesimbi, tungsten ndiyo non-muchetura. Tungsten chepfu kuitika chete vaya vari chokuita kugadzirwa tungsten. The mwero simbi zvainoita muviri kunogona zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, tungsten upfu, tungsten carbide, uye kwakadaro fuma sezvo anhydrite tungstic acid, kunogona kukuvadza yemapapu. Zviratidzo Its chikuru - zvakawanda zvive, fivhiri. More kwazvo zviratidzo simuka kana chepfu tungsten alloys. Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza inhalation guruva alloys uye kunotungamirira bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis.

Metallic tungsten, akawira mukati muviri, haina kunakidzwa ura uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuratidzwa. Dai kumiririra guru ngozi tungsten yeimwe dzarwo soluble. Ivo iiswe chirwatata, mapfupa uye ganda. Refu nokufumura tungsten yeimwe anogona kuitika zviratidzo zvakadai pfava zvipikiri, ganda peeling, dzakasiyana-siyana dermatitis.

Mumatanda kuti tungsten munyika dzakasiyana-siyana

Kudeuka tungsten mari vari Russia, Canada uye China. Masayendisiti kufungidzira kuti mudzimai kundima yaiva zvuru 943 matani simbi iyi. Kana tikatenda nokufungidzira izvi, ruzhinji reserves yaiva Southern Siberia uye kuFar East. Zvishomanana zvinozivikanwa kupfuma chakapatsanurwa - ndiko chete anenge 7%.

By nokuwanda nekusimba deposits ose tungsten Russia ndiyo yechipiri chete kuna China. Vazhinji vavo dziri munzvimbo Kabardino-Balkaria uye Buryatia. Asi minda izvi kwete yakabereka wakachena tungsten uye mhangura yaro uyewo ine molybdenum, ndarama, bismuth, tellurium, scandium, uye zvimwe zvinhu. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu bhuku kunoguma tungsten Akaongorora manyuko encased mu refractory ores, apo mukuru volframosoderzhaschim chicherwa ndiyo scheelite. The mugove legkoobogatimyh mhangura hunongova chetatu kugadzirwa. Zvinoitwa tungsten anobudiswa Russia dererei pane kumwe. Ores ane guru chikamu ari tungsten trioxide. MuRussia, vashoma chaizvo simbi alluvial deposits. Tungsten sand tiri chenhando pamwe yakawanda oxides.

Tungsten ari upfumi

Global tungsten kugadzirwa rakatanga kukura kubva 2009, pandakatanga apore Asian indasitiri. Kudeuka Mugadziri tungsten ndiye China. Somuenzaniso, muna 2013 mugove mukugadzira munyika iyi chakaita kuti 81% munyika zvitengeswa. About 12% kudiwa tungsten chokuita kugadzirwa okuvimba Fixtures. Maererano nenyanzvi, kushandisa tungsten munharaunda ino uchaderedzwa panguva kurapwa pamwe akatungamirira uye fluorescent mwenje mumhuri ezvinhu uye yebasa.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pachava kuwedzera kudiwa tungsten pakuburitswa zvigadzirwa michina. High kusakara nemishonga kuti tungsten uye kukwanisa kwayo kuramba magetsi kuti ichi zvikuru yakakodzera simbi kuti kugadzirwa voltage regulators. Zvisinei, mune mazwi kudiwa huchiri chaizvo diki, uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti 2018 uchamera ne 2 chete%. Zvisinei, maererano Masayendisiti kufungidzira kuti munguva yemberi iri pedyo anofanira kuitika wakawedzera kudiwa atadze carbide. Izvi imhaka nezvokukura motokari kugadzira iri US, China, Europe, uye nokuwedzera yemigodhi indasitiri. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kubudikidza 2018, kudiwa tungsten achawanda 3.6%.