Flame: mamiriro tsananguro zano tembiricha

Munguva combustion rikurumidze murazvo aumbwa, maumbirwo iyo anokonzerwa reactants. mamiriro ayo yakakamurwa munzvimbo zvichienderana tembiricha unhu.

tsananguro

Flame akadana inopisa magasi ari muchimiro umo zvakamisa hurongwa varipo vari plasma kana zvinhu vakaparadzirwa chakasimba chimiro. Ivo akaita kwomuviri uye kwemakemikari kutendeuka mhando achiperekedzwa luminescence, kupisa kusunungurwa uye kudziyisa.

Kuvapo ari gaseous svikiro naIon okunyanyisa nezvimedu dzinoratidzwa kwayo zvemagetsi conductivity uye chidimbu nomufambiro remagetsi munda.

Chii mirazvo

Yemanyorero rinoreva kwemasayendisiti chokuita combustion. Zvichienzaniswa mhepo, gasi arambe achirema kushoma, asi kukonzera yakakwirira tembiricha chokupika negasi kusimuka. Yabudisa mirazvo vari refu kana pfupi. Kazhinji panewo kuchinja anotsvedzerera chimiro chimwe chimwe.

Flame: Structure uye Structure

Kuti tizive pakuonekwa zvinorondedzerwa chinoshamisa rwakakwana vesa gasi burner. Akazviratidza nonluminous mirazvo haagoni kunzi yunifomu. Nemaziso, pane vatatu zvikuru nzvimbo yake. Sezvineiwo, kudzidza rimi mamiriro kunoratidza kuti zvakasiyana zvinhu zviri yokubatidza kuti kuumba-siyana womoto.

Kana kutsva musanganiswa gasi uye mhepo kunoitika pakutanga wezvamatongerwe pfupi womoto, iro rine yebhuruu ruvara uye pepuru hues. Inogona kuonekwa chinoumba - green uye zvitema chakatodzana cone. Funga murazvo. Sechivako rakakamurwa zvikamu zvitatu:

1. Govera regadziriro nharaunda umo kudziyisa ari musanganiswa gasi uye mhepo iri nzira yokubudisa yacho burner mawindo.
2. Izvi uchiteverwa mapazi umo combustion kunoitika. It inoremekedzwa pamusoro cone.
3. Kana pane kushayikwa mhepo aibuda, gasi rinobvira incompletely. Kunopiwa divalent carbon monoxide uye rehydrogen moieties. Dzavo pashure-unopfuta anotora nzvimbo yechitatu nzvimbo pane okisijeni iripo.

Zvino funga yoga dzakasiyana combustion kwendangariro.

mwenje unopfuta

Kwerusenzi kenduru zvakafanana nokupisa machisi kana magwenya. A kenduru murazvo mamiriro chakafanana dzvuku inopisa gasi rukova iri yakadzurwa nokuda buoyancy mauto. The kwacho kunotanga muchidziisa tambo, kunoteverwa kwemvura yacho wakisi.

Lowermost mapazi yaiva mukati uye yakabatana filament, inonzi wokutanga nharaunda. It ane rebhuruu zvishomanana luminescence nokuda yakawanda huni, asi chiduku Vhoriyamu okisijeni nezvakasanganiswa. Pane rinoitwa inofanira kukwana combustion zvinhu pamwe kupatsanurwa kubva carbon monoxide, iyo vakazochinja oxidized.

The mapazi yokutanga takapoteredzwa luminous goko yechipiri, iyo inechirevo nemamiriro chomwenje womoto. It anogamuchira huru okisijeni, zvinoita kuti kuenderera oxidation maitiro nemafuta mamorekuru. Temperature kuverengwa pano aizova kupfuura murima vematunhu, asi kushomeka chokupedzisira manyowa. Yakanga iri yokutanga zviviri pamwe simba kudziyisa mumate ose unburned mafuta uye kabhoni nezvimedu pane yemandorokwati kushanda.

The mapazi yechipiri takapoteredzwa cladding pasina detectable mukuru tembiricha tsika. Totaura akawanda okisijeni mamorekuru inosimudzira zvizere afterburner mafuta inoramba. Mushure oxidation kuti zvinhu rechitatu mapazi luminous kushanda haina kuchengetwa.

diagrammatic kumiririrwa

Kuti zvijeke, ratinoparidza wenyu ngwariro mufananidzo makenduru. murazvo redunhu zvinosanganisira:

1. Wokutanga kana nharaunda rima.
2. A luminous nzvimbo yechipiri.
3. A chechitatu segirazi nevamwe.

Thread chinopa haritorwi unopfuta uye charring chete pakupedzisira akapeta.

kutsva rambi mweya

For kwemakemikari kazhinji vanoshandisa midziyo diki chete doro. Vari kunzi doro chitofu. burner nembato akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya dzinozara mura mafuta kuburikidza orifice. Izvi akwanise nokuda rirambe richibvira kufurirwa. Paaizosvika pamusoro chibani vakasununguka, doro anotanga sasana. Munguva mhute danho riri dzakaparira uye anopisira ari tembiricha isingadariki 900 ° C.

Flame ane doro rambi ane zvatinosiita chimiro, zviri anenge Hauoneki, pamwe zvishomanana tinge mutema. nzvimbo Its haisi saka pachena zvinoonekwa, sezvinoita kenduru.

In doro burner, mazita musayendisiti Barthel, mavambo moto iri kumusoro jasi burner. kupinda rimi kwakadaro kunoderedza rima cône yomukati uye rinobuda mugomba mugove zvenguva, izvo vaiona Hottest.

ruvara mamirire

Flame nemwaranzi akasiyana mavara anokonzerwa zvemagetsi kuchinja. Vari anonziwo kupisa. Saka, somugumisiro combustion of yeHydrocarbon chezvinonhuwira mudenga, nokuda nokubudiswa rebhuruu murazvo HC akakura. Asi kana nezvimedu CC nemwaranzi tochi iri mavara orenji-yakatsvuka.

Zvakaoma kuona chimiro womoto, iyo kemisitiri iyo ine remubatanidzwa mvura, carbon dioxide uye carbon monoxide, kukurukurirana OH. mitauro Its kushanda Hauoneki, sezvo pamusoro nezvimedu panguva combustion emit ultraviolet uye michini nemwaranzi.

Bemhapemha Murazvo correlated pamwe tembiricha zviratidzo, kusvikira pamberi Ionic kwemarudzi kuti nhengo imwe achine chakarondedzera kana Manyiminya. Saka, combustion zvimwe zvinhu kunokonzera ruvara Kuchinja burner mumurazvo. Kusiyana staining pamusoro zhenje vari chokuita nezvinhu iri akasiyana periodic hurongwa.

Moto pamberi nemwaranzi, vachirondedzera kune inooneka chakarondedzera, kudzidza spectroscope. Zvakaonekwa kuti nyore fuma zvachose subgroups uye izvozvo nomurazvo coloring. Kuti zvijeke combustion uchishandisa yavaibvisa sokuedzwa rinobata simbi. Kana kuti kupinda pamarimi, ndimi rakajeka tsvuku. Pahwaro ruvara zvinoitwa akatorazve yavaibvisa rwokuyera anobuda chakarondedzera.

For alkali simbi unhu zvinhu nokukurumidza excitation chiedza akabuda mabhomba inoramba. Pakuita volatility yeimwe zvakadaro zvinhu ari Bunsen burner murazvo chiri ruvara.

Spectroscopic ongororo inoratidza unhu mitsetse munzvimbo zvinoonekwa kuvanhu ziso. Kumhanya chiedza excitation uye achine spectral nyore marongerwo rakada kufanana maitiro dzakakwirira electropositive simbi.

mamiriro

At moyo womoto kupatsanura muchishandisa anotevera unhu:

• ezvinhu aggregation unopfuta yeimwe. Vane gaseous aerodisperse, yakasimba uye mvura chimiro;
• mhando nemwaranzi, izvo zvinogona Hauoneki, mavara uye luminous;
• Distribution nokukurumidza. Kune kutsanya uye kunonoka diffusion;
• Murazvo urefu. The mamiriro anogona kuva pfupi uye refu;
• unhu kufamba zvokuverengera wemisanganiswa. Emit pulsating laminar, ichivhiringidza kufamba;
• chinooneka maonero. Zvinhu kupisa yavaive sooting, mavara kana segirazi murazvo;
• tembiricha parameter. The murazvo kunogona kuva pasi tembiricha, chando uye yakakwirira tembiricha.
• danho mamiriro chinotsva - oxidizing reagent.

Galvanzie kunoitika kuburikidza diffusion kana kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo nokusanganisa zvinoshingaira zvinoriumba.

Oxidizing uye kuderedza munzvimbo

The oxidation zvakabuda mune simba mapazi. Ndicho Hottest uye riri pamusoro. It mafuta nezvimedu vanosangana combustion zvakakwana. Uye kuvapo zvakawandisa okisijeni uye huni shoma kunotungamirira zvikuru oxidation rikurumidze. Nyaya iyi inofanira kushandiswa kana neshungu zvinhu pamusoro burner. Ndokusaka mashoko ari achinyatsotaurira rokumusoro chikamu womoto. combustion kwakadaro kunoitika zvikuru nokukurumidza.

Rutapudzo Maitiro kutora nzvimbo iri nechepakati uye nechezasi chikamu womoto. Rine dzakawanda dzakatumirwa combustible zvinhu uye shoma O ₂ mamorekuru akatakura combustion. Kana kushandisa kunzvimbo idzi oxygenate cleavage ndizvo vakatakura O maatomu akafanana.

Somuenzaniso, mashoko achidzikisa murazvo inoshandiswa muitiro pamusoro cleavage pakati divalent resimbi sulfate. Pashure neZvapupu FeSO ₄ ari nechepakati mugove burner womoto, pane kudziyisa wokutanga uye ipapo manyowa mukati ferric oxide, uye nesarufa yakasviba anhydride. In ichi kuita kunoitika chete S nokupora mutariri +6 uye +4.

Welding rimi

Izvi mhando womoto inoumbwa combustion pamusoro musanganiswa gasi kana mvura pamwe chiutsi yakaisvonaka okisijeni.

Muenzaniso paumbwe okisijeni-acetylene womoto. Zvinonzi nevamwe:

• Musimboti nharaunda;
• yechipiri kupora nharaunda;
• yokunyanyisa kugabhuka wongoramba.

Saka vazhinji kutsva gasi-yakachena nezvakasanganiswa. Kusiyana nhamba acetylene uye kutungamirira kune zvakasiyana oxidant murazvo mhando. Zvingava kuipa, carburizing (atsetilenistogo) uye oxidative marongerwo.

Tichingotarisa, muitiro kukwana combustion kuti acetylene wakachena okisijeni inogona inotsanangurwa zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: HCCH + Haiwa ₂ → H ₂ + CO + CO (nokuti kuita zvinoda mumwe nhuta kuti O _2).

Vakawana sezvo samolecular rehydrogen uye carbon monoxide sei pamwe mhepo yakachena. Kwokupedzisira zvigadzirwa ndiyo mvura uye tetravalent carbon monoxide. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga riri sezvinotevera: CO + CO ₂ + H + 1½O ₂ → CO ₂ + CO ₂ + H ₂ O. To ichi kuita zvinoda 1.5 moles okisijeni. Muna summation O ₂ inotengwa kuti 2,5 nhuta ukapisa paminiti 1 nhuta HCCH. Uye sezvo pamaitiro zvakaoma kuwana yakachena okisijeni yakakwana (kazhinji ane chidukuduku kusvibiswa nouipi), nhamba O ₂ HCCH ndiyo 1.10 kusvika 1.20.

Kana nhamba oxygen acetylene kukosha asingasviki 1.10, pane carburizing murazvo. The mamiriro yawedzera paro, ayo hurukuro rava Blurred. Kubva chin'ai ichi moto dzinounzwa nokuda kwokushayiwa okisijeni mamorekuru.

Kana nhamba gasi mukuru 1.20, ari oxidizing murazvo inotengwa ane nekumwisa okisijeni. Zvisingakoshi ayo Morekuru kuparadza maatomu zvesimbi nezvimwe simbi zvinoumba ari burner. renyukireya chikamu ichi murazvo rinova mapfupi uye ane tapering.

tembiricha kuverengwa

mapazi imwe neimwe burner murazvo kenduru kana ane kukosha kwayo nokuda yaunodya okisijeni mamorekuru. rakavhurika murazvo tembiricha iri kwayo siyana anoda kubva 300 ° C kusvika 1600 ° C.

Muenzaniso murazvo diffusion uye laminar, izvo achiumbwa anoshongwa matatu. Inoitwa cône yerima mugove pamwe kutonhora anosvika 360 ° C uye kushaya ane oxidizing mumiririri. Above ndicho sokupenya wongoramba. tembiricha Its yemakomo kubva 550 kusvika 850 ° C, iyo inosimudzira chafariz manyowa pamusoro combustible musanganiswa wayo combustion.

External nzvimbo padikidiki kuchioneka. It tembiricha murazvo rinosvika 1560 ° C, iyo anokonzerwa dzinongoitika zvechadenga mafuta mamorekuru uye rapidity okutambirwa ane oxidizing mumiririri. Pano, kupfuura simba combustion.

Fuma dzakaparira panguva dzakasiyana tembiricha ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, esimbi magnesium anopisa chete panguva 2210 ° C. Nokuti vazhinji nezvishoma murazvo tembiricha vanenge 350 ° C. Galvanzie zvinobvira mitambo neparafini pa 800 ° C apo matanda - kubva 850 ° C kusvika 950 ° C.

The mudzanga uzere womoto, tembiricha izvo zvichisiyana 690 kusvika 790 ° C uye propane-butane muvhenganiswa - kubva 790 ° C kusvika 1960 ° C. Peturu dzakaparira pa 1350 ° C. Murazvo unopfuta doro iri tembiricha isingadariki 900 ° C.