Jogirafi: shoko. Earth sayenzi nhoroondo yaro

Jogirafi - ndeimwe dzinonakidza uye zvinonakidza nesayenzi. Pamusoro pazvo, kune chokuita zvakananga kuti afambe uye ushingi. Asi chii pfungwa anotakura rokuti "jogirafi"? Zvinoreva unofadza zvikuru. Uye tichaedza kuzvitsanangura munyaya ino.

Earth Science

Mumwe mukuru sayenzi munyika iri jogirafi. Zvichireva tichakurukura zvishoma gare gare, uye ikozvino kutarisa nhoroondo chirango ichi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti nheyo nzvimbo ano dzakatangwa mumazuva chekare. Dzavo vawana generalize uye systematize wekare musayendisiti wechiGiriki Ptolemy muzana remakore rokutanga AD. Zviri muGirisi jogirafi rave rakavapo nokuda kusvetuka uye miganhu. Parallel kuti kudzidza pasi uye aifarira muIjipiti yekare. Nechekare ari 3rd Millennium BC pano akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze wokutanga zvomumvura nzendo mumvura yeGungwa Dzvuku uye reMediterranean. Nomumwe zvinhu nenzvimbo rondedzero dzinogona kuwanikwa mumabhuku ekare India - "vedas" kana "Mahabharata".

Geography munguva inotevera remakore? Kukosha sayenzi iyi kunyanya zviwedzerwe XVI remakore, anonzi Chizvarwa Discovery. Columbus uye Magellan, Dzheyms e uye Amerigo Vespucci vakaunzwa kubva Reisen zvavo zvakawanda zvitsva uye chokwadi pamusoro yedu, izvo zvaida hwakadzama kudzidza uye systematize. Jogirafi ayo ano zvedzidzo chimiro wakaradzikwa muimba yokutanga yezana XIX remakore, Aleksandrom Gumboldtom uye Karlom Ritterom. To musi, vanhu yakakunda mwedzi, achiwana musi Mars iri kurongwa munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Zvisinei, nyika achiri yakawanda unexplored nzvimbo - "makwapa chena" risina munhu aenda pamberi. Saka geographers vari XXI remakore achava zvokuita panyika pano.

Jogirafi: zvinoreva, Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti

Kana paiva rokuti "jogirafi"? Ndiani tega nayo uye yakasimbiswa nesayenzi ichi? Ngatiedzei kutsanangura zvinorehwa neshoko "jogirafi". Izvi zvechikadzi izwi kunobva maviri echiGiriki okuti: "Geoffrey" (nyika) uye "Count" (nyora, tsanangura). Kureva, rinogona kushandurwa mumutauro wokuRussia sezvinotevera: "zemleopisanie".

Shoko rokuti "jogirafi" kuumba uye akatanga kuti sayenzi nomuzivi zvikuru rekare rechiGiriki uye musayendisiti Eratosthenes. Zvino anenge ari III remakore BC. Sei uye rini shoko rokuti "jogirafi" rinoshandiswa nhasi? Zvichireva mazuva ano unogona kuonekwa munzira mbiri. Rinogona kushandiswa:

1. Somunhu sainzi, kubatanidza nyaya dzakawanda madiki. Vanodzidza Pasi, kunyanya hunhu, nzvimbo pamusoro pemvura yaro vemo, zvicherwa uye zvichingodaro. N.
2. Sezvo nzvimbo nokuparadzirwa munharaunda chero chinonakidza kana muitiro. Somuenzaniso, mafuta pamwero kana zvachose kuverenga vanhu.

Kuti inoongorora sayenzi nzvimbo?

Maererano waifarirwa tsananguro, jogirafi - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza dzinonzi nenzvimbo hamvuropu Nyika. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, hunosanganisira zvikamu zvina: lithosphere, mhepo, hydro- uye biosphere. Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. Dzimwe nguva kuwedzera technosphere, kureva, zvose zvakasikwa noruoko murume panyika.

The chikuru chinhu yezvidzidzo sayenzi inogona kutaurwa dzinongoitika mitemo, uye mifananidzo kuparadzirwa uye kudyidzana pakati siyana zvinoriumba enzvimbo goko (ivhu, matombo, zvinomera mvura, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Modern sainzi rakakamurwa zvitatu zvikuru zvikamu: muviri, nedze upfumi jogirafi. Wokutanga inoongorora hunhu, wechipiri - vanhu uye magariro evanhu, uye wechitatu - zvinhu uye mifananidzo zvoupfumi nyika nenharaunda.

Zvinoreva "nhoroondo jogirafi". Features kurangwa nesayenzi

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, jogirafi - ndiko sayenzi yakaoma. It zvinosanganisira nhengo dzaro dzakasiyana-siyana anoranga siyana. Mumwe wavo chaizvo nhoroondo jogirafi. Chii chaakaita kudzidza?

Historical jogirafi - ndiyo chikamu chinokosha anoedza kutsanangura nhoroondo dzakasiyana pezvakaitwa uye zviitiko nenzvimbo ruzivo. Nemamwe mashoko, sayenzi iyi kudzidza nhoroondo kuburikidza muchadenga. Uye nzvimbo inokosha kwakapiwa kuti nenzvimbo (miganhu) zvinhu.

In mhedziso

Mumwe sayenzi mukuru munyika riri kuonekwa kuti jogirafi. Ichi izwi unofadza zvikuru. Shoko yakagadzirwa muGirisi yekare. Uye kurishandura mumutauro Russian anogona kuva "zemleopisanie". Izwi sezvaari shure muzana remakore rechitatu BC Greek nyanzvi Eratosthenes. Panzira, ndiye kekutanga kuyera parameters wedu nyika. Uye ndakazviita zvikuru zvakarurama, vasina kutambidza ano mano uye michina.