Chii okisijeni? okisijeni yeimwe

Okisijeni (O) - non-esimbi namakemikari chedziviriro boka 16 (via) ari Periodic Table. Iri Hauoneki, shata uye odorless gasi inodiwa zvipenyu - mhuka izvo kuichinja carbon dioxide, uye zvirimwa kuti anoshandisa CO ₂ somunhu kabhoni tsime, uye O ₂ riri vakadzokera mhepo. Okisijeni unoumba remubatanidzwa kuita pamwe chinenge mimwe maatomu akafanana, uye displaces makemikari zvinhu kukurukura mumwe. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, azvaiitwa vari pamwe nokubudiswa kupisa uye chiedza. Anokosha remubatanidzwa reokisijeni ndiyo mvura.

History yakawanikwa

Muna 1772, kuti kemisiti Swedish Carl Wilhelm Scheele pakutanga akaratidza kuti okisijeni kwakadaro kugamuchira huchibvutwa kudziyisa nitrate potassium oxide, mekuri, uyewo nezvimwe zvinhu. Tisingatungamirirwi naye muna 1774, Chirungu kemisiti Dzhozef Pristli akawana makemikari chinhu nokuda chafariz manyowa kubva nemekiyuri oxide uye yakabudiswa ake zviwanikwa zvegore, makore matatu asati Scheele bhuku. Mumakore 1775-1780 iri kemisiti French Antuan Lavuaze akadudzira basa okisijeni iri mweya uye pomoto, kurasa ari phlogiston pfungwa, rinowanzogamuchirwa panguva. It rinozivikanwa kwayaida kuumba acids kana kubatanidzwa chepfu zvakasiyana siyana uye akadana oxygène maatomu akafanana, izvo muchiGiriki rinoreva "kunotangira asidhi".

Kupararira

Chii okisijeni? Nekurangarira kuti 46% kubudikidza kurema goko, ndiwo inonyanya chinhu nezvazvo. Okisijeni iri muchadenga ndiyo 21% kubudikidza vhoriyamu uye kurema kwayo 89% muna yomugungwa.

In matombo ichocho pamwe chete nesimbi uye vasiri nesimbi iri muchimiro oxides izvo acidic (semuenzaniso, sarufa, uye carbon, aruminiyamu, uye phosphorous) kana zvinokosha (calcium, magnesium, uye simbi) uye sechipiriso munyu-kufanana yeimwe anogona sechinoitika aumba kubva asidhi uye zvinokosha oxides zvakadai sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates uye aluminates. Kunyange izhinji, asi izvi nezvishoma havagoni kushanda okisijeni manyuko, sezvo chisungo cleavage simbi chaikosha maatomu simba rakawanda zvakare.

Features

Kana okisijeni tembiricha pazasi -183 ° C, zvinova akacheneruka zvitema mvura, uye nenguva -218 ° C - hwakasimba. Kwakachena O ₂ ndiyo 1,1 nguva kunorema kupfuura mhepo.

Panguva kufema mhuka uye mamwe mabhakitiriya zvinodya okisijeni kubva muchadenga uye zvishandiswezve carbon dioxide, nepo mune minyoro photosynthesis pamberi chezuva rishandise carbon dioxide kuti sunungura vakasununguka okisijeni. Zvinenge yose O ₂ muchadenga zvinoberekwa photosynthesis.

At 20 ° C anenge 3 zvikamu kubudikidza Vhoriyamu okisijeni zvazvichanyungudutswa zvikamu 100 mvura yakachena, shoma zvishoma pane - mu yomugungwa. Zvakafanira kuti afemeruke hove uye vamwe upenyu zvomumvura.

Natural okisijeni musanganiswa zvitatu akatsiga isotopes ¹⁶ O (99,759%), ¹⁷ O ^(0,037%), uye ¹⁸ O (0,204%). Kune akawanda artificially yakabereka radioactive isotopes. Vazhinji vavo vane refu-akararama ¹⁵ O (hafu-upenyu 124) iro rinoshandiswa kuti kudzidza kufema mhuka.

allotrope

A wakajeka pfungwa chii okisijeni, kubvumira kuti vawane dzayo mbiri allotropic siyana, diatomic (O ₂₎ uye triatomic (O _3, ozone). Properties diatomic chimiro vanoti maerekitironi matanhatu ungasunga maatomu maviri kuramba unpaired, kukonzera paramagnetism reokisijeni. Three atomu ozone mamorekuru haana riri nomumwe paakatarisana mutsetse.

Ozone inogona kugadzirwa maererano mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 3O ₂ → 2O _3.

Zvichiitika endothermic (kunoda simba); kutendeutsa ozone shure kupinda diatomic okisijeni chinowedzera pakuvapo kuchinja simbi kana zvavo oxides. okisijeni Kwakachena iri dzikwanise ozone kubudikidza zvinoitwa wemagetsi sokupenya buditsa. The kuita zvakare kunoitika pamusoro Absorção de Água kuti ultraviolet chiedza ane wavelength vanenge 250 nm. The panowanikwa kwacho iri repamusoro muchadenga anobvisa nemwaranzi kuti zvaizova kukuvadza upenyu pamusoro pechiso Earth. Kunzwa kwakanaka ozone aripo mumba ane sparking magetsi yakadai emagetsi. gasi Izvi chiedza mutema. arambe achirema zvaro 1,658 nguva kupfuura mhepo, uye ane Kubika zvokusvika -112 ° C panguva mumhepo kumanikidzwa.

Ozone - oxidant simba anokwanisa rokutendeutsa sarufa dioxide, trioxide, sulfide kuti sulfate, iodide, ayodhini (Analytical nzira hwokupa mutengo wayo) uyewo vakawanda okisijeni tubhokisi makemikari remubatanidzwa nomukaka zvakadai aldehydes uye acids. Kutendeutsa Mahydrocarbon pamwe ozone kubva motokari chiutsi magasi ari acids izvi uye aldehydes chinokonzera smog. In indasitiri, ozone rinoshandiswa sezvo makemikari reactant, disinfectant kuti tsvina kurapwa, mvura yokunatsa uye bleaching kuti micheka.

nzira gadziriro

Process hwokubereka okisijeni zvinoenderana sei zvikuru gasi kunodiwa kugamuchira. Laboratory nzira nokuti zvinotevera:

1. Thermal manyowa dzimwe munyu zvakadai potassium chlorate kana potassium nitrate:

• 2KClO ₃ → 2KCl + 3O _2.
• 2KNO ₃ → 2KNO ₂ + O _2.

Potassium chlorate manyowa catalyzed ne kuchinja simbi oxides. Nokuti ichi aiwanzoshandisa manganese yakasviba (pyrolusite, MnO _2). Nokuva gombedzero lowers tembiricha zvaidiwa okisijeni shanduka, kubvira 400 kusvika 250 ° C.

2. Degradation of simbi oxides pasi zvinoitwa tembiricha:

• 2HgO → 2Hg + O _2.
• 2Ag ₂ O → 4Ag + O _2.

Scheele uye Priestley ichi kwemakemikari chaikosha akashandisa remubatanidzwa (oxide), okisijeni nemekiyuri (II).

3. chafariz manyowa yacho simbi peroxides kana rehydrogen peroxide:

• 2BaO + O ₂ → 2BaO _2.
• ₂ 2BaO → 2BaO + O _2.
• Báo ₂ + H ₂ SO ₄ → H ₂ O ₂ + Baso _4.
• 2h ₂ O ₂ → 2h ₂ O + O _2.

Yokutanga nzira maindasitiri kuparadzana reokisijeni kubva mumhepo kana kuti kugadzirwa rehydrogen peroxide kuvimba paumbwe imwe oxide kuti barium peroxide.

4. Electrolysis mvura pamwe admixtures duku munyu kana acids kuti anopa conduction pamusoro Magetsi:

2h ₂ O → 2h ₂ + O ₂

maindasitiri kugadzira

Kana zvakakodzera kuwana okisijeni yakawanda anoshandiswa fractional DISTILLATION emura mhepo. Pakati zvikuru zvinoriumba mhepo ine chikuru dzokubikira pfungwa, uye naizvozvo, achienzaniswa senitrogen uye kashoma akadaro argon. The kwacho anoshandisa kutonhora gasi panguva kuwedzera kwayo. The chikuru zvokukura kushanda sezvinotevera:

• mhepo iri yakasvinwa kubvisa yakasimba nezvimedu;
• unyoro uye carbon dioxide vanobviswa ne Absorção de Água mu alkali;
• mhepo iri compressed uye kupisa compression yabviswa ne kwakajairika maitirwo ezvinhu kutonhora;
• zvino ari kusvitsa kune coils riri mukamuri;
• chikamu compressed gasi (ari kumanikidzwa anenge 200 ATM) mukamuri Kunowedzera, kutonhora zviri coils;
• kuwedzerwa gasi rinodzokera kuna compressor uye ichipfuura wandei zvokukura compression kwaizotevera kuwedzera, kwamakadarika pa -196 ° C, mhepo mvura;
• nenharo mvura chiedza wokutanga DISTILLATION inert magasi, ipapo senitrogen uye mvura okisijeni mapfupa. Multiple fractionation unobereka chibereko zvakakwana wakachena (99.5%), nokuti vakawanda maindasitiri mafomu.

Kushandisa indasitiri

Simbi ndicho chikamu chikuru mutengi rakachena okisijeni kuti pagadzirwe mukuru-kabhoni simbi: kubvisa carbon dioxide kuti nemamwe netsvina saka akasiya nonmetals uye nyore pane mhepo.

Wastewater okisijeni Chipikirwa kuti hubudirire mishonga emura effluent pane mamwe makemikari kwendangariro. Zvinonzi kuramba kukosha namahwindo tsvina incineration gadziriro vachishandisa akachena O _2.

Vanonzi chombo oxidizer ndiyo mvura okisijeni. Kwakachena O ₂ Izvi rinoshandiswa pamusoro Ngarava dzepasi pemvura uye Diving bhero.

In makemikari indasitiri, okisijeni yakatsiva vanhuwo mhepo iri kugadzirwa zvinhu zvakadai acetylene, ethylene oxide uye methanol. Medical mafomu zvinosanganisira kushandisa okisijeni gasi mumakamuri mushonga waanoita zvokufema uye mwana incubators. rufimbi gasi vafumiswa pamwe okisijeni hunotsigira upenyu weruzhinji yokutindivadza. Pasina ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana vakakwanisa kurarama zvinoverengeka maindasitiri kuti kushandisa yamavira. Ndizvo oxygen.

Makemikari zvivako uye kuita

tsika huru Erekitironi sungano uye electronegativity reokisijeni anowanzoramba zvinoriumba kuti aratidze esimbi ehupfumi. All yeimwe okisijeni kuratidza kunaka oxidation mamiriro. Apo vaviri Erekitironi orbitals akazara, kuumbwa O ^2- Ion. The peroxides (O ₂ ^2-) yokuti mumwe atomu ane rokuchengeta -1. pfuma iyi kubvuma maerekitironi pedyo zvachose kana kukwana hutachiwana uye anosarudza ane oxidizing mumiririri. Kana mutumwa ikasakendenga pamwe nefuma, Erekitironi nomupi yayo oxidation mamiriro kunoderedza. The Change (kuderera) ari bhodhoro oxidation hurumende razero kusvika -2 inonzi apore.

Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu ari chinhu anoumba munhu dihydric uye trihydric yeimwe. Uyezve, pane aiminama mamorekuru chetyrehatomnye. In diatomic chimiro mbiri unpaired maerekitironi dziri pamusoro nonbonding orbitals. Izvi zvinosimbiswa rarehwa munhu paramagnetic gasi.

dzimwe nguva zvikuru reactivity zvinotsanangurwa ozone kubvuma kuti mumwe maatomu matatu ari "mabhomba" mamiriro. Kuita atomu iri dissociated kubva O _3, vachisiya samolecular okisijeni.

O ₂ Morekuru panguva dzekudya tembiricha ambient kumanikidzwa simba reactivity. The mabhomba okisijeni iri zvikuru inoshingaira. The dissociation simba (O ₂ → 2O) kuchikosha uye 117,2 kcal mol.

kubatana

C nonmetals akadai sehydrogen, carbon, sarufa, okisijeni, anoumba rimwe guru-siyana covalently akasungwa yeimwe, kusanganisira nonmetal oxides zvakadai semvura (H ₂ O), sarufa yakasviba (SO ₂₎ uye carbon dioxide (CO _2); Organic yeimwe dzakadai alcohols, aldehydes uye carboxylic acids; zvakafanana acids akadai carbonic _{(H2 CO3),} sulfuric asidhi (H ₂ SO ₄₎ uye nitric (HNO _3); uye runoenzanirana munyu akadai yavaibvisa sulfate (Na ₂ SO _4), yavaibvisa carbonate (Na ₂ CO _3), yavaibvisa nitrate (Nano _3). Okisijeni ari muchimiro O ^2- Ion ari sekristaro maumbirwo zvokufonongonwa simbi oxides, akadai remubatanidzwa (oxide), okisijeni uye Cao calcium. Metal superoxide (KO ₂₎ ane Ion O ₂ ^-, apo peroxides simbi (Báo ₂₎ ane Ion O ₂ ^2-. okisijeni yeimwe kazhinji vane -2 oxidation mamiriro.

Key ehupfumi

Pakupedzisira isu nyora chikuru ehupfumi okisijeni:

• Erekitironi configuration: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.
• Mabhomba nhamba: 8.
• Mabhomba guru: 15,9994.
• Kubika pfungwa: -183,0 ° C.
• Utsotso pfungwa: -218,4 ° C.
• Density (kana yakachena nevamwe 1 ATM pa 0 ° C): 1.429 g / l.
• oxidation ezvinhu -1, -2, +2 (mu yeimwe pamwe fluorine).