Persia - chii nyika zvino? Iran: The nyika nhoroondo

Kazhinji mazuva ano isu tinonzwa nyaya nyika iri kumaodzanyemba-dzokumadokero chikamu Asia, yainzi Persia. Chii zvino nyika yakatsiva pamusoro enyika mepu dzenyika? Kubvira muna 1935, Persia vakava pamutemo aizivikanwa Iran.

Munguva dzekare, nyika iyi yaiva musimboti guru, ane ndima ndokumonereka kubva parwizi rweEgipita kusvikira Indus.

jogirafi

Zvinofanira akati kuti panguva haana yakajeka miganhu State Persia. Chii zvino nyika iri idzi, ziva matambudziko zvakakwana. Kunyange Iran ano chete anenge iri munharaunda wePezhiya yekare. Chokwadi kuti mune dzimwe nguva umambo rakanga akawanda anozivikanwa nyika panguva iyoyo. Asi paivawo makore zvakaipisisa, kana nharaunda Persian yakakamurwa pakati vatongi vemo, hasha imwe.

Relief akawanda magetsi zvakakwirira Persian (1200 m) Highlands, izvo akayambuka cheni ibwe neeSultan uye munhu nenhongonya kuti inokwira kusvika 5500 m. Elbrus makomo uye neZagros iri kuchamhembe uye kumadokero chikamu nharaunda. Ivo yakarongwa chimiro tsamba «V», kugadzira mapango okuvaka rakaorera.

Zvayaiva kumavirira Persia, Mesopotamia. Zviri kumusha dzomunyika dzakawanda kare panyika. Panguva iyoyo, mamiriro umambo zvikuru mutsika munyika nascent wePezhiya.

nyaya

Persia (Iran) - iri nyika ine nhoroondo mukurusa. Nhoroondo yaro rinosanganisira chisimba uye kuzvidzivirira hondo, kumukira uye nokumukirana, uyewo noutsinye kudzvinyirira ose enyika chiito. Asi panguva imwe chete Iran yekare - the nzvimbo yechizvarirwo guru varume nguva, izvo zvakazoita kuti pavapenyu ounyanzvi uye tsika munyika uye akavaka kunoshamisa runako kwezvivako zvayo, mapurani izvo zvichiri zvinoshamisa isu pamwe mbiri yayo. History of Persia, ane vakawanda yokutonga Dynasties. Vanosara zvarisingaverengeki. Mumwe nomumwe Dynasties izvi kunyika simba mitemo yavo uye nemirayiro dzinotyora mumwe chete havana kuzoshinga.

nhoroondo nguva

Zvizhinji rabva kuburikidza Persia munzira pakukura. Asi chikuru kwawakabva waro budiriro vanoonekwa kuti miviri nguva. Mumwe izvi pre-kwechiIslam, uye wechipiri - muMuslim. The Islamization Ancient Iran chaiva chikonzero chinokosha kuchinja zvayo enyika, magariro evanhu uye dzetsika. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kunyangarika tsaru pakunamata. Havana chete kwete akarasika, asi kuti pamwero mukuru kwakaita tsika itsva, iyo yakatanga munyika pakutanga kwezana mbiri dzakaitika nguva. Uyezve, vakawanda pre-Islamic kutsika rachengetedzwa Iran saka kure.

Achaemenid Board

Ancient Iran sehurumende zvakavapo pamwe Cyrus II. mutongi uyu aiva muvambi Achaemenid youmambo, waiva simba kubva 550 kusvika 330 makore. BC. e. NevaMedhia - pasi Koreshi II maviri kupfuura Indo-Asian rudzi vakatanga vakabatana. Izvi kwaiva nguva simba mukuru wePezhiya. Ndima yayo kuratidzirwa Central uye Minor Asia, Indus Valley uye Ijipiti. Chinonyanya kukosha matongo uye nhoroondo site mumatongo Achaemenid Persian guru - Persepolis.

Pano guva Cyrus II, uyewo akanyorwa zvokutemerwa Dhariyasi I Behistun dombo. Panguva iyoyo, akapisa Persepolis Aleksandr Makedonsky panguva rutsigiro rwake kukunda Iran. Izvi hwogumisa mukundi chikuru Achaemenid Empire. uchapupu Written munguva ino, zvinosuruvarisa haana kurarama. Vakanga naAlexander Mukuru.

yaitonga vaGiriki

Kubva 330 kusvika 224 BC. e. Persia akanga ezvinhu kuderera. Pamwechete nyika uye tsika nemagariro kwaro dzakaora. Panguva iyi, Ancient Iran aiva pasi pokutonga mutongo panguva yechiGiriki vekwaSeleucus youmambo, kuva chikamu eponymous wehurumende. Kushandura tsika uye mutauro wePersia. Ivo vanotungamirirwa nevaGiriki. Panguva iyoyowo, iyo Iranian tsika nemagariro hakuna akarasika. It chakabata vatama vachibva Greece. Asi izvi zvakaitika chete idzodzo uko kwave andinenge uye yakakura munharaunda Greek.

kuPatiya

Makore akapfuura, simba vaGiriki muPezhia kupera. History of Ancient Iran yakapinda mudariro itsva. Nyika yakava chikamu Parthian Empire. Pane yaitongwa Arshakids, funga pachavo vazukuru Achaemenid. vatongi ava Persia akasunungurwa nezviremera echiGiriki, uyewo kuidzivirira kubva nechisimba kuvaRoma uye muArabhu.

Panguva iyi, Iranian National yakakura akasikwa, vakawanda nyaya umhare vatambi. Mumwe wavo aiva Rustem. Izvi Iranian gamba nenzira dzakawanda dzakafanana Hercules.

Mugore Parthian nguva akaona nokusimbaradza ari feudal hurongwa. Izvi simba Persia. Somugumisiro, zvakanzi aizokundwa Sassanids. Chikuva mutsva munhoroondo Ancient Iran.

Sasanian Empire

Pakati 224 uye 226 makore n. e. kubva pachigaro akapidigura wokupedzisira Parthian mambo Artaban V. The simba uye chatakagara ari Sassanid dzinza. Panguva iyi, miganhu Ancient Iran haana chete yakadzorerwa, asi rakawedzerwa kumadokero kumatunhu China, kusanganisira Punjab uye Transcaucasia. Hwedzinza dzakarwiwa kurwisana kugara pamwe vaRoma, uye mumwe ayo vamiririri - Shapur I - kunyange vakakwanisa kubata Emperor wavo valerian. Permanent hondo yakatungamirira Sassanid youmambo uye Byzantine Empire.
Panguva iyi, Persia akanga kukura muguta, uye makanga nokusimbaradza chehurumende. Zvino kwakange cheZoroastrianism, iyo yakava chitendero pamutemo munyika. The Sassanid yaitonga yakazokudziridzwa uye anotenderwa mana yaivapo hurongwa administrative weboka uye stratification kuti mumamiriro ose upenyu 4 kirasi.

Mune Sassanid panguva Persia kupinda chiKristu, izvo isakarurama akasangana vapristi Zoroastrianism. Paivawo vamwe vezvitendero masangano kupikiswa. Pakati pavo - Mazdakism uye Manichaeism.

The yakakurumbira mumiririri Sassanid youmambo yakanga Shah Khosrow I. The shanduro yeshoko zita rake rinoreva "mweya usingafi." Kutonga kwake kubvira 531 nemakore 579. Khosrow I zvokuti yakakurumbira kuti mukurumbira wake akanga akachengetedza zhinji emakore pashure pokuwa Sassanid dzinza. mutongi uyu akaramba ari muyeuko yezvizvarwa somunhu muvandudzi mukuru. Akaratidza kufarira kukuru Khosrow I pamusoro uzivi uye nesayenzi. Vamwe Iranian mabhuku varipo kunyange enzanisa pamwe hwaPlato "muzivi-Mambo".

Sassanid yekudyidzana vakashaisa kugara hondo neRoma. Muna 641, nyika chakarasikirwa hondo huru navaArabhu. Sassanian pavaipfuura nhoroondo Iran zvakaguma norufu wokupedzisira nhengo dzinza roumambo ichi - Yezdegerda III. Persia akapinda Islamic munguva yayo kukura.

Board omunharaunda Dynasties

Arab Caliphate zvishoma nezvishoma rakawedzerwa kumabvazuva. Uyezve, hurumende yacho nechepakati muna Baghdad uye paDhamasiko vaisagona kuchengeta kuzviomesera kudzora ose enyika. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti Iran maiva Dynasties vemo. Wokutanga vavo - Tahirids. Vamiririri Its vakatonga pakati 821 873 makore. muna Khorasan. Saffarids akatsiva chigaro ichi. kutonga kwavo munharaunda Khorasan, Iran uye kumaodzanyemba Herat kwakatora rose yechipiri yezana remakore rechipfumbamwe. Uyezve, chigaro rakanga ratorwa ne Samanids. chigaro ichi, vakazivisa pachavo vazukuru Parthian wemauto Bahram Chubin. Samanids vakabata chigaro kwemakore anopfuura mashanu, kuratidza simba rayo pamusoro munzvimbo huru. Country Iran munguva yokutonga kwavo rinopfuurira kubva kumabvazuva kumucheto Highlands kusvikira kuGungwa Aral neZagros gomo siyana. State centre aiva Bukhara.

Zvishoma Papera, munharaunda Persia yaitongwa mamwe marudzi maviri. Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechigumi zvakanga Ziyaridy. Ivo kudzora nharaunda kweGungwa reCaspian nemhenderekedzo. Ziyaridy inozivikanwa patronage wake unyanzvi uye mabhuku. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, nechepakati Iran aiva nesimba imba bund. Vakanga yakakunda Baghdad uye Force, Khuzestan uye Kerman, Ray uye Hamadan.

Local Iranian hwedzinza akatsvaka simba saizvozvo. Vakabata chigaro, kurera kupandukira nezvombo.

Hwedzinza Ghaznavid uye Seljuk

Kubvira muzana remakore rechisere ari Iranian Plateau akatanga zvinopfuura Turkic madzinza anongofamba. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mararamiro vanhu vakava ndakagara. Paiva misha itsva. Alp Tegin - mumwe Turkic vatungamiriri dzedzinza - vakatanga kushumira Sassanids. Muna 962, akava nesimba uye mitemo achangobva akasika mamiriro, ane guru raiva guta Ghazni. Alp Tegin inotangwa imba itsva. Gaznevity simba akabata pfuurei makore zana. Mumwe wevamiriri vayo - Mahmud Gaznevi - akaramba pasi kuramba kudzora nharaunda kuMesopotamia kuIndia. Chete mutongi Harasane yaigadziriswa yorudzi Oghuz vokuTurkey. Zvadaro, mutungamiri wavo Selcuk akamutsa kupandukira uye akapidigura imba Ghaznavids. Iran kuti guta akanzi guta Rae.

Seljuk chigaro vaiva chechiJudha vaMuslim. Akazvipa kudzora vatongi emo, asi kwemakore akawanda ayo kutonga dzakarwiwa kugara hondo.
Panguva maruva ane simba chaiye Seljuk mapurani akapiwa. Paitonga imba youmambo vakavaka mazana madrassas, mosques, ruzhinji zvivako uye dzoushe. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, ekutonga Seljuk chaitadzisa zvachose Kupanduka mumatunhu, uyewo nechisimba mamwe marudzi vokuTurkey, uyo akatamira kune dzokuMadokero. Constant hondo vakashaisa mamiriro, uye pakazopera wokutanga kota wegumi remakore, kwakatanga dziparare.

The pakudzorwa of eMongolia

Nechisimba hondo Genghis Khan haina akapfuura uye Iran. Munyika nhoroondo rinotiudza kuti muna 1219 mukuru akakwanisa kutora nhaka Khorezm, uye ipapo kufambira mberi kusvikira kumavirira, sacked Bukhara, Balkh, Samarkand, Merv uye Nashapur.

muzukuru wake, Hulagu Khan muna 1256 vaderera zvakare kupinda Iran, uye atora nedutu Baghdad, akaparadza Abbasiysky caliphate. Mukundi akatora rokuti Ilhan, achiva muvambi imba Hulaguid. Iye vatsivi vava chitendero, tsika uye nzira woupenyu Iranian vanhu. Mumakore apfuura, eMongolia muPezhia nezvetsika vakatanga kuneta. Vakamanikidzwa kurwa kugara hondo feudal vatongi uye vamiririri omunzvimbo Dynasties.

Pakati 1380 uye 1395 makore. Ndima Iranian rwenze akabatwa ne Katya (Tamerlane). Vakanga yakakunda nyika yose, iyo iri pedyo neGungwa reMediterranean. Zvizvarwa guru wehondo kusvikira 1506 vakachengeta Timurid mamiriro. Uyezve, akanga akaisa kuna Uzbek Sheibanids hwedzinza.

History of Iran kubva 15 kusvika 18 emakore

Kwemazana anotevera emakore muPezhia mberi hondo kuti simba. Saka, muzana remakore rechi15 kurwiwa pakati madzinza AK-koyundu uye Kara-aoyundu. Muna 1502 simba wakabatwa Ismail I. mambo uyu aiva wokutanga mumiririri Safavid - Azerbaijani dzinza. Paitonga Ismail I uye ake vatsivi Iran wakamutsiridzwa simba raro rehondo, uye rava mune zvemari dzakabudirira.

Safavid mamiriro akaramba akasimba kusvikira pakufa kwake muna 1629, akanga ari wokupedzisira mutongi Abbas I. In kumabvazuva Kharassan zvakaendeswa Uzbeks, uye kumadokero - akakunda kuvaOttoman. Iran, iyo inoratidza kadhi kunofanira anoshamisa nharaunda yake, vakakunda Georgia, Armenia neAzerbaijan. Mukati miganhu izvi waivapo kusvikira rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore.

On munharaunda hondo Persian vakanga vakarwa vokuTurkey uye veAfghan vane vakatsvaka kukunda nyika. Yaiva nguva apo simba rakanga Afshar imba. nyika wokumaodzanyemba Iran kubva 1760 nokuti 1779 vakanga pasi pesimba imba youmambo, iyo yakavambwa Kerim Khan Zand. Zvino akapidigura Qajar Turkic rudzi. Achitungamirirwa mutungamiri wavo, izvozvo awana pasi kwose Iranian rwenze.

Qajar chigaro

Mukutanga namapfumbamwe remakore, Iran vakanga varasikirwa rwenyika, nharaunda ano Georgia, Armenia neAzerbaijan. Izvi kwaiva pamusana Qajar youmambo yakanga vasingatongosviki kuvaka simba hurumende midziyo, rudzi hondo uye rakabatana mutero muunganidzwa hurongwa. Simba vamiririri vayo yakanga simba uye asingakwanisi kukunda Imperial kuchiva Russia uye Great Britain. Aidzorwa masimba makuru yechipiri yezana navapfumbamwe remakore vabva kunyika Afghanistan uye Turkistan. Saka Iran akava nokusaziva kushumira somukuru nhandare pamusoro Russian-British kukakavadzana.

Last of Qajar aiva yepamutemo mambo. Ichi chinokosha mutemo chigaro akamanikidzwa kutora kufurirwa rakaitirwa munyika nenjodzi. Muchirwisa yepamutemo hurumende Iran vaiva namasimba maviri - Russia uye United Kingdom. Muna 1907, ivo dzakasaina chibvumirano pamusoro weboka Persia. Its kuchamhembe chikamu kwabva Russia. Kumaodzanyemba nyika richiva simba raro UK. The nechepakati kwenyika yakasiyiwa iri kwazvakarerekera wenyika.

Iran mukutanga remakore rechi20

Qajar hwedzinza rakaparadzwa nevapanduki. Rakanga inotungamirwa General Reza Khan. Zvino simba idzva Pahlavi imba. zita iri, iro rinoshandurwa kubva Parthian rinoreva "vanokudzwa uye akashinga", akaitirwa kusimbisa mhando wevechitendero mavambo.

Paitonga Reza Shah Pahlavi wePezhia akapona zvavo National kumutsidzirwa. Izvi akwanise vakawanda okunyanyisa nokuchinja kuitwa nehurumende. Yakanga kutanga maindasitiri. upfumi Large vakanga dzinounzwa kuti kukura indasitiri. Akavaka migwagwa uye njanji. Achishingaira kuitwa kukura uye kugadzirwa mafuta. Sharia matare yatsiviwa zvekufamba. Saka, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 muPezhia vakatanga chaizvo mazuvaano.

Muna 1935, hurumende yakachinja zita raro Persia. Chii zvino nyika yaro mutsivi? Iran. Zviri hwekare kuzvidzora Persia, zvinoreva "nyika Aryans" (mukuru chena race). Pashure 1935 kwakatanga ndimutsidzire pre-Islamic kare. maguta Minor uye makuru Iranian vari kunzi. Ivo Akadzosera pre-Islamic sezvivako.

Sapakuparadzwa simba roumambo

The wokupedzisira Shah of Pahlavi youmambo akauya choumambo muna 1941. okutonga kwake kwemakore 38. In kuitisa ayo dzimwe mutemo yaitungamirirwa mafungiro Shah USA. Zvisinei, iye vakatsigira aifarira-American hwoudzvinyiriri zvaiitika Oman, Somalia uye Chad. Mumwe kushorwa dzepamusorosoro kwechiIslam Shah aiva muprista KMA Ruhollah Khomeini. Akatungamirira echimurenga mabasa kurwisa aivapo hurumende.

Muna 1977, US President Dzhimmi Karter akamanikidza Shah wokumborerutsa udzvanyiriri pakati pokupikiswa. Somugumisiro, vakawanda vebato vanotsoropodza kuitika hurumende iri Iran akatanga kuonekwa. Kubika Islamic chimurenga. Mabasa kunze nokushorwa, yakawedzera ari kufara kutsutsumwa wevechitendero vanhu vaishora munyika mumhuri mutemo, uye dzimwe kudzvinyirira Church aifarira-American negwaro.

Islamic chimurenga vakatanga pashure nezvezviitiko January 1978 Panguva kuti mapurisa akapfurwa kuratidzwa vadzidzi vaishora yakabudiswa mupepanhau wehurumende nhema nyaya Khomeini. The mhirizhonga yakaramba rose gore. Shah akamanikidzwa kupinda munyika pasi mutemo wechiuto. Zvisinei, kuchengeta zvinhu pasi kuzvidzora zvakanga zvisingaiti. Muna January 1979, Shah akasiya Iran.
Pashure ake kutiza munyika akabata referendum. Somugumisiro, April 1, 1979 kwaiva Islamic Republic of Iran. Muna December wegore iroro vakaona chiedza yoku- bumbiro renyika. Gwaro iri anotenderwa mukuru masimba Imam Khomeini, uyo pashure pokufa kwake aifanira mumaoko ake mutsivi. Mutungamiri Iran vake, pasi Constitution, waiva mutariri enyika uye nehurumende. Pamwe naye ushe nyika kuti pave Prime Minister uye Advisory Board - mendzhlis. Mutungamiri Iran ndicho rubatso kwemurairo nevamwe mubumbiro.

Iran nhasi

Very mavara mamiriro anozivikanwa kubvira panguva yakare Persia. Iyo nyika zvino zvikuru kuenzaniswa zvavanoisa "East - a kuputsika nyaya"? Izvi rwukasimbiswa pamusoro nezvokuvapo uye kukura neHurumende mubvunzo.

Islamic Republic of Iran, pasina mubvunzo, nemamwe wayo kuzivikanwa. Uye kuti anogadza izvozvo nezvimwe nyika Asian. Republic of guru - guta Tehran. Iri rakanga rakakura, inova rimwe remasangano munyika.

Iran - yakasiyana nedzimwe nyika ine zvinokwezva zvakawanda, zvivako mutsika uye mararamiro avo zvinhu. The Republic ine 10% kuti matsime eoiri munyika. Zviri ngaavongwe kuminda yavo mafuta chiri pamusoro exporters gumi ichi rwokuzvarwa mokuwana.

Persia - chii nyika zvino? Zvikuru zvechitendero. Its yokudhinda dzakabudiswa zhinji makopi Mutsvene Koran, kupfuura dzimwe nyika dzose muMuslim.

Mushure Islamic pakuru, kuti Republic vakananga zvakasikwa kuverenga. Development dzidzo pano riri kuwedzera.