Foreign Trade: zvinhu uye nzira yokudzora

Pfungwa pasi pose upfumi hwenyika, achiperekedzwa zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi, ane guru kukanganisa mabasa ose zvoupfumi masangano. Zvikurukuru, kunowedzera kunopindirana zvibereko, nani unhu mabasa, pane kushandisa pfungwa kuti zviwanikwa. Kuchinja parameters izvi kuchikosha kukanganisa emari nyika imwe neimwe pokuita dzinotsanagura pose kutengeserana. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe sangano mumusika yose anomanikidzwa kubvuma zvinodiwa itsva zvavakatemerwa nenyika ino. Pakadaro, unofanira kuita nguva nenguva uongorore zvakare zvinangwa, zvinangwa uye nzira kuzadzisa mukati hurumende zvinobatsirawo wokumwe zvoupfumi basa munyika.

The chikuru zvebasa munyika musika hurongwa

Zvichinyanya kushanda negadziriso pamusoro matambudziko pasi yose zvokutengeserana mamiriro, zvemukati pezvakaitwa upfumi tawirwa kuchinja zvikuru. Under izvi ezvinhu, mashoko socio-upfumi mamiriro ezvinhu mukati munyika ine zvinokosha simba pamusoro paumbwe dzimwe kutengeserana. Inokurukurawo huru zvinangwa uye zvinangwa, zvinoreva uye nzira kuzadzisa. Izvi aripo muRussia. Saka, ari kugara kutsvaka kuti yokungotaura uye dzinoshanda nezviyero, riri pasi pokudzora Russian wokumwe kutengeserana. Chinangwa mabasa ndiko kubudirira emuchina zvakanaka kusimudzira National upfumi.

Regulation vemamwe kutengeserana panguva zvemitemo chechetere

Movement kwenhumbi dzose mhiri muganhu wokuRussia iri kuburikidza achayambuka mbiru. Basa ravo riri kuongororwa neDare Customs Code. Wakaisa ichi mitemo, uyewo, anogadza chaiwo hwoudzvinyiriri, anoita dzinotsanagura kunyoresa uye kuzvidzora. Kutyora mitemo chairayirwa Code, rinobatanidza yakasiyana marudzi kurangwa. Izvi zvakare zvinoratidzwa racho. Customs Code inosanganisira mazita ose anoshandiswa RF kutapurirwa hurongwa tsanangudzo. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, kusanganisira akadai "Kunyika kwayakabva vezvinhu", "mari inoshandiswa magadzirirwe zvigadzirwa," uye vamwe vakawanda. mutemo Federal, vachitsanangura kutanga wehurumende murau vemamwe kutengeserana, rinosanganisira dzinokosha zvataurwa basa Pfungwa uye kukura, anoronga yesangano chinzvimbo. Uyezve, anoumba chikuru misimboti yebasa mumusika pose. Saka akaita tsika mirayiro vemamwe kutengeserana. Vechikamu, maererano nomutemo, vanokamurwa mumapoka akawanda. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• The chikuru vanotongwa wokumwe mamiriro ezveupfumi. Kambani iyi-siyana pfuma, iyo iri kuitwa dzimwe wezvokutengeserana basa.
• The yeUnited Masangano ehurumende uye mabhizimisi.
• Vechikamu dzemarudzi kuzvidzora basa wholesaler.

All pamutemo masangano uye munhu Entrepreneurs vanobatanidzwa pamusika noukama zviri pamutemo mutsika zviremera. Zvisinei, nzira iyi yokuzvidira.

dzora nzira

Pane zvinhu zvinoverengeka unyanzvi zvinoshandiswa hurumende yeRussia pachiitwa rokudzora pamusoro vechikamu wezvokutengeserana mabasa yokumwe. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• Kurambidzwa uye inorambidza.
• pamutemo nzira chokuita uye chokuita netsika Zimbabwe tariffs.
• Constraints (anotokonya) chiito mumunda zvoupfumi nenguva ehurumende pamwero.

State mutemo wezvokutengeserana mabasa vatorwa

Zvakanaka kuvakwa sangano rokudzora hurumende ndiyo chinhu chinokosha kubudirira zvoupfumi. Miviri, vachitungamirirwa ndiwo vatorwa kutengeserana basa, vari yakaumbwa pachishandiswa nhoroondo pakukura munyika, ayo nzvimbo uye zvayo zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, muna Soviet Union paiva centralized mamiriro hurongwa chindingindingi. Rinotibatsira zvakajairika kuzvidzora uye kutarisirwa mumunda dzimwe kutengeserana. Mune ramangwana, yezwi kumusika ukama chindingindingi mamiriro akanga chapedzwa. Panyaya iyi, hushumiri uye madhipatimendi kupindura kumatunhu vakagamuchira dzinoverengeka dzakawanda dzaishandiswa kodzero.

Modern kuzvidzora wemuTesitamende Russian Federation

Ezvinhu murau vemamwe wezvokutengeserana ano akanga pakupedzisira kuumbwa 2005. mamiriro rino rakakamurwa zvitatu zvese.

1. Federal. Panguva iyi sandara, sarudzo inonwiwa vehurumende.
2. Regional. Pano zvisarudzo nezviremera munyika yacho kumatunhu.
3. Local. Panguva iyi sandara, dzimwe kutengeserana mabasa nemauto miviri vemo.

Maererano chisarudzo hurumende akanga asika kushandiswa Executive masangano vakapiwa utariri vanorumwe zvoupfumi basa. Masangano aya anosanganisira: Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Trade uye kuteerera Federal Service Tsika uye Federal Agency kuti kudzora inokosha zvoupfumi nzvimbo.

Mutero uye asiri mutero kudzora nzira

1. Pakatanga imupota mabasa ari kupinzwa. Nzira iyi nechinangwa pakuwana zvakanakira zvezvipfuwo vaburitsi hurumende, izvo zvine imwe mari. Vatengi, nekusiyana, vanomanikidzwa kutenga zvinhu panguva inflated mitengo, kuti atakure kurasikirwa.
2. Pakatanga ekisipoti mabasa. Vatengi vanogamuchira wakawedzera kubatsira kuderedza wechipfuwo mitengo, vagadziri vari kutambura nezvinhu, hurumende anogamuchira mamwe mari.

Nokuda zvigadzirwa zvavo uye kuwedzera kunze kwenyika dzakawanda pakutevedzera anotevera:

• akapa mutero incentives kune yemakambani kuita kunze kwenyika;
• Yakatakura achivaratidza zvikwereti yakaderera-mubereko uye zvikwereti kuti aina zvinhu;
• akaita chibvumirano pamusoro pehurumende pamwero, zvainanga pakutengeswa kwenhumbi dzimwe nyika.

uyewo non-mutero nzira dzinodzorwa wokumwe wezvokutengeserana basa. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• ekisipoti kurambidzwa;
• quotas kwakaitwa kupinza nhumbi;
• tengeserana embago - kurambidza zvainoreva (ekisipoti) imwe mhando chigadzirwa;
• marara - kutengesa kugadzirwa zvinhu panguva mitengo yakaderera pane zvipfuwo kumusika.

rakavhurika upfumi

Izvi izwi zvinofanira kunzwisiswa muitiro wezvokutengeserana pamwechete navamwe nyika kubudikidza musika vechikamu pakatanga shoma kuwanda imupota uye ekisipoti kurambidzwa. Nokuti ichi mhando youpfumi kunoratidzwa dzakakwirira nhanho dzinotevera zviratidzi:

• kwevari ekisipoti uye zvainoreva iri zvachose kwevanhu kugadzirwa;
• yakawanda yokumwe mubhizimisi chokuita zvemukati;
• kuvapo vatorwa kota (GNP).

pamusika International sezvo rudzi ukama

Munyika yanhasi wezvokutengeserana pakati nyika kunoonekwa sezvo huru muchimiro kwokukurukurirana. Zvinokonzerwa pamusika zvokunze wakayeriswa guru yakawanda basa kwesayenzi, musimboti chiri kuwana yenzira kukura uye kutsiga yose zvoupfumi. Hazvina kuramba pasina kutarisirwa uye zvakawanda nawo pamusoro evanhu kukura vanhu. Zvisinei, pasinei musika kudyidzana, chikuru regulators wezvokutengeserana ukama vanotongwa pamisika nyika. Vari inobva zvoupfumi zvido munyika, zvichienderana riri gadziriro nekuita nevamwe vatambi. It runoratidzwa pakugadzirwa mibatanidzwa, pakusika zvimwe zvibvumirano panguva mamiriro pamwero.