Gypsum bhainda: unhu, zvivako, kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa

Construction nezvimwe zvakagadzirwa gypsum zvaishandiswa sectors siyana hwenyika. Ivo kare haashamisi. Asi vanhu vashoma vanofunga kuti chii chaizvoizvo gypsum bhainda, iyo inoshanda se yakatsvuka zvinhu uye sezvo rikawira kwaari. Asi nekuda kugadzirwa zvokuvakisa (plaster, masonry mumaturi, varinamire machira) uye dzimwe nhengo unofanira kutanga kugadzirira mbishi zvinhu. Nokuti zvechadenga rapera zvinhu zvinobva zvikuru kunaka yakatsvuka zvakashandiswa.

Pfungwa uye mamiriro

The bhainda pamusoro gypsum zvinhu ndiyo mhepo randinogara dzichiva gypsum dihydrate. Zvinoumba rwokuzvarwa gypsum uyewo mukwanisi anhydride uye vakaparadzana tsvina Mazinga, izvo zvinosanganisira sulfurous karusiyamu.

boka iri rinosanganisira rinoumba zvinhu. In mamiriro avo - varinamire kweParis, madota, Nokufema nevira gang simende.

The mbishi zvinhu pakugadzira muri matombo ane sulfates. GOST akasarudza kuti mukugadzira gypsum bhainda unogona chete kushandiswa gypsum (izvo rinoita zvose zvinodiwa kuti zvinoshanda kwairi GOST 4013) kana phosphogypsum sezvo unoenderana pamutemo zvinodiwa.

Zvinoitwa gypsum binders

Gypsum mhinduro inofanira kushandiswa kusvikira rakwo solidification. Haugoni kukuchidzira nayo mushure crystallization muitiro vakatotanga. Anokurudzira kunokonzera kuparadzwa richangobva kuumbwa chisungo pakati pamatanda crystals. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, mushonga anorasikirwa ayo kugona tichisunga.

Varinamire zvigadzirwa havasi isapinda. Asi Vanoburitsa zvokunyama akawana kubva izvi. Masayendisiti vakatsunga kuti siyana yokuvirisa gypsum binders kubvumira kuwedzera nhamba iyi. Naizvozvo, murwiyo kwemashoko ari akawedzera siyana zvinhu: madota, pasi kwebhosvo nevira gang, urea Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, makemikari mvura anosanganisira nesilicon.

Kushandiswa gypsum zvinhu hakurevi kushandisa zvimwe Excipients. Havazivi shure, pamusoro kubatwa pamusoro makatsemuka kuoneka. Gypsum binders nekusiyana, akawedzera vhoriyamu mushure kwakakwana okurapa. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, wedzera huni machipisi, moto, pumice, kuwedzerwa ivhu uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Chimwe chinhu - gypsum zvinhu mhanyisa ngura kuti ferrous simbi (zvipikiri, mavharuvhu, waya zvichingodaro). Izvi kunoitika kunyange nokukurumidza mumamiriro ezvinhu nyoro.

Astringent gypsum nokukurumidza yekubata unyoro uye kurasikirwa nebasa ravo. Naizvozvo, panguva okuchengetera neyokufambisa zvakafanira kuchengeta zvimwe mitemo. Material inogona kuchengetwa panzvimbo yakaoma. Kunyange panyaya mutemo uyu, pashure pemwedzi mitatu okuchengetera zvinhu acharasikirwa vanenge makumi matatu muzana kwayakaita. Rokutakura zvinhu zvakawanda kana akazara mumidziyo. Zvakakosha kuidzivirira kubva muguruva uye unyoro.

kugadzirwa

Nokuti izvi kunofanira kuita zvinotevera pezvakaitwa:

• Kupwanya rwokuzvarwa gypsum zvinhu;
• mbishi zvinhu Dryer;
• zvinokonzerwa tembiricha.

Gypsum uchaguta munzvimbo Hopper, apo anopinda crusher. Pane zviri zvayo kupwanya zvidimbu, kukura asingasvavi kupfuudza masendimita mana. Pashure Kupwanya pamusoro erevheta acho anoenda chikafu remarara. Kubva ipapo zvazvinoita zvienzane zvikamu kusvika chigayo. Hezvo raoma nowakapwanyika kuti chikamu chiduku. Kupwa Panguva iyi kunodiwa kuti mhanyisa uye aivabatsira musengwa rikurumidze mashoko.

The chigayo upfu iri neshungu kuti makumi mapfumbamwe inegumi. In mamiriro ichi, zvinonzi zvifambiswe mu gipsovarochny bhaira. Ndiyo apo mvura wobudiswa mashoko ari vachiridzira kwacho. Izvi chinotanga pasi tembiricha (anenge masere madhigirii). Asi mvura kubva zvinhu zvakanakisisa kuenda ari tembiricha siyana kubva zana negumi rimwe namakumi masere madhigirii.

Yose Chiito tembiricha kurapwa rakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri. Chokutanga, mumaawa matatu acho anodzokororwa ari digester. Ikoko mvura yabviswa uye gypsum dihydrate iri dzikwanise hemihydrate. nguva yose iyi varinamire akanga anonyandura kuti dzakafanana kudziyisa. Panoperera yacho chaiyo nguva, nefuma iri inopisa ezvinhu rwunotumirwa anonzi BUNKER madanha. Ari risisiri neshungu. Asi nokuda mukuru tembiricha iri pfuma kuramba kupera mvura mumuviri rikurumidze. Zvinotora chimwe maminitsi makumi mana. Pashure paizvozvo, nokusungwa zvinhu vanoonekwa kuti vakagadzirira. Uye vari akatumira yokuchengetera zvinhu rakapera zvigadzirwa.

nokuomesa zvinhu

Nokuomesa kunoitika gypsum binders kana yakavhenganiswa nemvura madota. Izvi unoumba vakawanda Mapurasitiki iyo anoomesa mumaminitsi mashoma. Kubva makemikari nemaonero, pane muitiro Ivan Kuchin kune zvinoitika pakuburitswa kwacho. Zvinoitika zvizhinji kukura chete. Ndizvo hemihydrate gypsum inowedzera mvura kuti aumbe gypsum dihydrate fuma. Izvi yose muitiro unogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu.

In wokutanga Danho hemihydrate gypsum urwa mumvura kuumba zvine mhinduro kubva dihydrate gypsum. Dihydrate ane solubility indekisi mukuru. Nokuda ichi kutsanya chaizvo ari saturation chemhinduro kwacho. Somugumisiro - kwemvura, unova dihydrate. Izvi kunokurumidziswa nezvimedu akanamatirana pamwe chete, nokudaro kutanga marongerwe rikurumidze.

The danho rinotevera - crystallization. The chete crystals sezvo kukura zvinhu kutanga kubatanidza uye kuumba simba marangwanda. Sezvo kuomesa (kubviswa mwando) pakati crystals kuva chakasimba.

Kuchinja nokukurumidza marongero

kurapa kwacho kunogona nokukurumidza kana, Ukuwo, kuderedza sezvinodiwa. Ita izvi yokuvirisa izvo chakaunzwa gypsum binders.

Mhando yokuvirisa kuti mhanyisa okurapa muitiro:

• zvinhu izvo kuwedzera solubility kuti hemihydrate ndiyo yavaibvisa sulfate kana potassium munyu uye zvakadai;

• fuma kuti kuchava maitiro musimboti crystallization: munyu pamusoro phosphoric acid, akapwanyika dzinongoitika gypsum nezvakadaro.

Zvinowanzoshandiswa yakapwanyika gypsum. nezvimedu Its vanoshumira crystallization nzvimbo pakavakirwa kuchakura mune ramangwana sekristaro. It ichazivikanwa noku zvikuru kunyatsoshanda "yechipiri" gypsum. Rinoreva kuti plaster, iyo kare achipfuura marongero uye kuomesa calcium sulphide. pfungwa yakadaro inogona kunzi wakaputsika uye anobvarurwa-bvarurwa zvigadzirwa.

Sipidhi muitiro Ndokunyengetererai zvinotevera pakugadzira:

• kuwedzera plasticity bvunzo: huni guruu mhinduro mumvura, coniferous aizomupa, madota-namira emulsion, LST zvichingodaro;

• Rinovatadzisa sekristaro kukura firimu riri kuumbwa pamusoro tsanga pasi pokudzora hemihydrate gypsum zvinhu zvakadai borax, amoniya, puroteni retarder, phosphates uye borates pamusoro alkali nesimbi, Lilac doro, uye vamwe.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muitiro kuwedzera pakatanga yokuvirisa kwakakanganisa kunokanganisa simba gypsum. Naizvozvo, zvinofanira kushandiswa nokungwaririra, uye wedzera riri shoma.

Kuronga nguva (Kurapwa) hunoenderana nokunaka pakugadzira zvinhu, nguva uye kuchengetwa ezvinhu, tembiricha panguva iyo zvinhu kubatana kwacho nemvura, uye kunyange nenguva vachisanganisa mhinduro.

Too nguva pfupi marongero inowanzopiwa chokuita nokuvapo iri zvinhu dihydrate nezvimedu iyo vakagarapo pashure vachiridzira. Kushara nguva kunowedzerawo kana gypsum zvinhu iri kudziyirwa kusvikira anenge makumi mana navashanu inegumi. Kana tembiricha kwemashoko kuti vawedzere zvakatonyanya acho, nekusiyana, kumboderera. Refu yaikurudzira gypsum muvhenganiswa kuchaita mhanyisa marongerwe rikurumidze.

Kusiyana pakati dzidziso uye tsika

A chiri okurapa kwacho ndechokuti gypsum, kusafanana nedzimwe binders panguva solidification kunowedzera inzwi (kusvika rimwe muzana). Nokuda hydration ichi hemihydrate zvinhu zvinofanira kuva mvura anenge mana nguva pane kuva mune dzidziso. Pfungwa mvura inodiwa dzinenge 18.6% kubudikidza kurema zvinhu. In tsika, mvura akatorwa kuwana mhinduro kubva dzose arambe achirema anosvika makumi manomwe kubva muzana. Kuziva mvura kudiwa kwemashoko kunotema bhuku mvura muzana kubudikidza kurema mashoko ichawedzerwa kuwana mhinduro kubva kwomuzvarirwo arambe achirema (pellet dhayamita 180 + 5 mm).

Chimwe musiyano iri tsika kuti kana kubvisa mvura zvakawandisa panguva nokuomesa kwacho zvinhu pores vari aumba. Somugumisiro, gypsum usisavaviri. Kubvisa iyi pfungwa mberi kuomesa. Varinamire zvigadzirwa aoma panguva tembiricha isingadariki makumi manomwe inegumi. Kana zvimwe zvinowedzera tembiricha kutanga maitiro kupera mvura mumuviri mumiririri.

Mugumisiro tembiricha pamusoro vakawana pfuma

Nokuti Muitiro unobatanidza gypsum varinamire iri pasi kumusoro tembiricha. Zvichienderana kukosha tembiricha ichi, kuti gypsum zvinhu kunogona mhando mbiri:

• Nizkoobzhigovye vane kugadzirwa mbishi zvinhu chinogadzirwa pasi pokudzora tembiricha kubva zana namakumi maviri zana masere inegumi. The mbishi mashoko iyi kazhinji kupurasita muParis. The musiyano chikuru ichi zvinhu yakakwirira solidification nokukurumidza.

• Vysokoobzhigovye (anhydrite) ayo aumba somugumisiro kumusoro tembiricha (pamusoro mazana maviri madhigirii). Anoomesa mashoko refu. On rwakabata vanodawo nguva yakawanda.

Mumwe nomumwe mapoka aya, akavapindurawo, ane nhamba dzakasiyana zvinhu zvaisanganisira mariri.

Nizkoobzhigovyh marudzi knitting

Gypsum bhainda ari muchikwata ichi vanosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

• Kuvaka purasita. Nokuti kuita zvakakodzera kusarudza zvakanaka mbishi zvinhu. Production gypsum basa rokuvaka iri bvumidzwa kushandisa sezvo mbishi zvinhu rechishanu bhainda mugwaro uye kupfuura izvo vasara pamusoro nesefa haasi kupfuura gumi muzana. Nokuti kugadzirwa rokuvaka zvigadzirwa yakakodzera bhainda, kureva zvizivikanwe kubva yechipiri rechinomwe, zvisinei yokuvira nguva uye mwero comminution. Decorative zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi. Kusara zvinhu zvoupfu uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuisa. Gypsum plasters dzinoitwa kubva zvinhu 2-25 mavanga kunze bhainda ane zvinonyadzisa nokugeda uye anokurumidza pakuvira.

• High gypsum anogona dzinoratidzwa rimwe zvidzidzo zvakawanda (pamwe indices pamusoro 200 kusvika 500). isimba ichi zvinhu vanenge 15-25 MPa, izvo zviri kupfuura mune dzimwe mhuka.

• Richigadzirisa varinamire iri zvikuru mvura zvinodyiwa uye yakakwirira mukurumari ari vakarapwa mamiriro. Vakawana kwazviri nesuko zvigadzirwa: zvedongo muforoma, whiteware zvinhu uye zvichingodaro.

anhydrite zvinhu

Izvi mhando iri uyewo, nokuumba zviviri zvinhu:

• anhydrite simende, vakawana panguva processing kutonhora kusvikira madhigirii mazana manomwe;

• Oestrich-gypsum yakaumbwa pasi simba pamusoro karusiyamu sulfate kutonhora kupfuura 900. inegumi.

anhydrite gypsum sezvamunoita unotora maviri nezvishanu kubva muzana madota muvhenganiswa sulphate vitriol (mhangura kana simbi), kusvika imwe muzana, vatatu kusvika masere muzana dolomite, kubva gumi kusvika gumi muzana Nokufema muvira gang.

Anhydrite samende dzinoratidzwa kunonoka kubata (kubva maminitsi makumi matatu kusvikira zuva rimwe). Zvichienderana simba rakakamurwa zvinotevera mamakisi: M50, M100, M 150, M200. Cement of mhando yaiwanzoshandiswa kuvakwa. Rinoshandiswa:

• mukugadzira namira, plaster, kana masonry dhaka;

• kongiri kugadzirwa;

• Kugadzirwa decoration zvinhu;

• Kugadzirwa chafariz insulating zvinhu.

Oestrich-gypsum ane zvinotevera unhu:

1. Slow kubata.
2. Simba makumi megapascals.
3. Low teploprvodnostyu.
4. Good inzwi kuputira.
5. Husingakwanisi unyoro.
6. Frost nemishonga.
7. A duku mwero deformation.

Uyu ndiye mukuru, asi hamungambozvinzwisisi zvose zvazvakanakira vapiwe Oestrich-gypsum. Chikumbiro Its kwakavakirwa zviratidzo izvi. Rinoshandiswa nesuko madziro, kugadzirwa chakagadzirwa machena pakuvaka waMosesi paburiro, uye zvichingodaro.

The weboka bhainda pamusoro mhando

The ehupfumi kuti gypsum binders kubvumira kugovera muvira dzakasiyana mapoka. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, classifications vanoverengeka.

Zvinotevera boka iri kusiyaniswa kuisa nguva:

• Group "A". Inoitwa binders, izvo nokukurumidza chingabatisiswa. Zvinotora kubvira maviri namashanu maminitsi.

• "B" boka. Cementing zvinhu, boka iri vakanzwisisa panguva matanhatu namakumi maminitsi. Dzinonzi kazhinji chishanu zvinhu.

• Group "B", izvo zvinosanganisira anononoka-kuisa binders. On panovira anofanira kuva maminitsi anopfuura makumi maviri. Yokumusoro muganhu haisi kwezvipimo.

Fineness kunotemwa nokuramba pamusoro nomusero inoramba. Izvi imhaka yokuti uri nesefa ane pajira riya kukura 0.2 mm nguva gypsum binders. Standard rinoti zvinotevera mapoka:

• Zvinonyadzisa kukuya, kana boka rokutanga rinoratidza kuti nomusero inoramba makumi maviri nezvitatu muzana yemashoko.

• Svikiro ivhu (rechipiri boka), kana nomusero haasi anopfuura gumi muzana bhainda.

• Fine nokugeda (boka rechitatu) kunoratidza kuti zvakasara fuma pamusoro chidzitiro asingadi pfuura zviviri muzana.

The acho akaedzwa kuti simba flexural uye compression. Kuti aite izvi, mumwe varinamire mhinduro rakagadzirirwa pamwe mazariro 40 X 40 X 160 millimeters. maawa maviri pashure gadzira, kana dzinotsanagura crystallization uye hydration apera, kutanga bvunzo. Gypsum binders (GOST 125-79) simba vari muzvikamu gumi mamakisi. Vane maindex kubvira maviri-maviri navashanu. The kukosha tensile simba, zvichienderana dzinokosha mamakisi aunganidzwa ari patafura. Inogona kuonekwa kunyange vakokwa.

Basic parameters uye mhando zvinhu inogona kuwanika kwayo chitaridzi. Zvinoita seizvi: G-6 kusvika A-11. shoko iri zvichaita kuratidza zvinotevera:

• T- gypsum bhainda.
• 6 - chitambi zvinhu (zvichireva kuti simba riri megapascals anopfuura matanhatu).
• A - anosarudza mhando Ndokunyengetererai nguva (kureva kutsanya Kurapwa).
• 11 - rinoratidza ukuru kukuya (mu iyi pakati).

Makuriro gypsum zvinhu

Technology gypsum binders kubvumira kuwana zvinhu dzakakodzera kushandiswa muminda siyana. The kushandiswa nevakawanda gypsum muimba. Rwakadini chikumbiro chayo chingaenzaniswa nokushandiswa esimende. Gypsum bhainda ane wandei zvakwakanakira pamusoro chete esimende. Somuenzaniso, kugadzira zvinotora shoma mafuta ne kusvika mana nguva. Hazvina Utsanana, husingakwanisi moto, ane porosity iri kuwanda matatu kusvika makumi matanhatu muzana, pasi arambe achirema (kusvika gumi zana makirogiramu por cubic mita). maitiro aya uye kwakaita kuti kushandiswa nzvimbo mashoko.

Plastering gypsum inoshandiswa nevakawanda. Chikumbiro Its hakubvi pakuti zvinhu mamakisi. Shandisa bhainda nomucheka uye svikiro ivhu nezvimedu, zvakajairika uye anononoka kunzwisisa. Gypsum inowedzerwa varinamire kwesuko uye jecha. Izvi anovandudza simba mumushonga pashure kuomesa. A paiva nesuko panyika anova kumeso uye chiedza, yakakodzera mamwe okugadziridza.

Varinamire fuma chokuita mavanga kubva G-2 kuna G-7, kushandiswa mukugadzira partition ukomba, machira, saka anonzi plasterboard nezvimwe gypsum kongiri zvigadzirwa. Vari akawedzera kuti mhinduro kubereka Formulations nokuti-imba basa.

Ceramics, porcelain uye faience zvinhu uye zvikamu yaakaita kuwedzera gypsum bhainda chokuita pezvitsiga kubva G-5 G-25. The bhainda inofanira semhosva chakajairika-marongero uye kubva wakaisvonaka zvokuvakisa.

Gypsum bhainda inoshandiswa kugadzira solution, iyo inoshandiswa caulking pemahwindo, madhoo, partitions. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, zvakakodzera yakaderera zvinhu kugiredhi.

Sezvinogona kuoneka, gypsum bhainda unhu kubvumira kushandisa mashoko kuti zvinangwa zvakasiyana uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Hazvina yakasimba, kuchitonhora nemishonga, Utsanana, eco ushamwari, moto nemishonga zvinhu. Its unhu unhu takatsunga ne nhengo imwe boka nezvinhu chimwe hwaro.