Heisenberg kuti kusava - pamukova microworld

Kana wechiduku Maks nepuranga akaudza mudzidzisi wake kuti aida kuramba wokuita yokungotaura wefizikisi, vakanyemwerera uye akamuvimbisa kuti ini chete ndakadzidza ikoko hazvinei - chete akasiya "kuchenesa dzemakwiringwindi." Maiwe! Kuedza Planck, Niels Bohr, Einstein, Schrödinger nevamwe. Zvinhu zvose zvachose pasi, uye saka kwazvo kuti murege kudzokera shure, uye mberi migwagwa. Uyezve - zvakawanda, pakati mukuru dzidziso nyonganyonga pakarepo rinowanika, somuenzaniso, Heisenberg chokwadi. Sezvo vachiti, sezvachiri hazvina kukwana. Pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore, masayendisiti musuo kuti asingazivikanwi nzvimbo zvokutanga nezvimedu, uye pane zvatinosiita Newtonian hurongwa kwakakundikana.

Zvinoita sokuti, "pamberi", zvose zvakanaka - kuti muviri, saka Coordonatele. In "kuipa wefizikisi," unogona nguva dzose kutora museve uye tsanangurai "baya 'parinowanika" kuipa "chinhu, kunyange uchifamba. Taitofanira hunonzi kunze - mitemo Newton hazvikanganisi vanokanganisawo. Asi pano ndicho chinhu kwekudzidza kuri kuva maduku - zviyo, morekuru, atomu. First kunyangarika chaiyo contours ari chinhu, uye ipapo nerondedzero yacho kuonekwa probabilistic inofungidzirwa ichitaurwa prices nokuda gasi mamorekuru, uye pakupedzisira, kuti mamorekuru Coordonatele vari "avhareji", asi tinogona kutaura pamusoro gasi Morekuru: ari kuno, kana apo, asi Ungangove kumwe munharaunda iyi. Time achapfuura, uye dambudziko iri Heisenberg nechokwadi, asi kuti gare gare, asi iye zvino ... Edza yakarova "yokungotaura kuwedzera" iri chinhu kana "iri ungangotarisa mavambo." Simba? Uye worudzii chinhu, chii saizi yake, kuumba? Paiva mibvunzo yakawanda pane mhinduro.

Zvakadini atomu? Zvakanaka zvino kuzivikanwa muenzaniso yemapuraneti akanga aronga muna 1911 uye pakarepo hwakonzera mibvunzo. Chief pakati pavo; zvose kunaka Erekitironi muchadenga wei uye nei arege kuwa zvinobatsira musimboti? Sezvo vanoti - mubvunzo wakanaka. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vose yokungotaura Masvomhu panguva ino kunze pahwaro dzenhoroondo Vanamakanika - Heisenberg kwakaita kusaziva haana akahwina nzvimbo ngaikudzwe kune dzidziso atomu. Chokwadi ichi haabvumiri masayendisiti kunzwisisa musimboti hurongwa ose atomu. "Spas" Niels Bohr atomu - nayo akamupa nokutsiga nokufungidzira kuti Erekitironi ane orbital zvese, ari zvaakanga asingadi tichiratidza simba, kureva, regai nahwo uye kwete kuwira musimboti.

Kudzidza pamusoro chamazuva simba rinoti ari atomu akatotanga apa zvakasimbisa kukura imwe wefizikisi hutsva - quantum, atanga ne Maks nepuranga riri 1900. Iye vawana Chiitiko kuti quantization simba, uye Niels Bohr akawana kushandiswa nokuti. Zvisinei, gare gare, akanga akawanikwa kuti zvakatsanangurwa dzekare hurongwa muenzaniso atomu tinogona kunzwisisa macrocosm hazvisizvo. Kunyange nguva uye nzvimbo tichitarisa ari quantum nyika anobva zvakasiyana zvachose zvaanoreva. Panguva ino kuedza kuti yokungotaura yefizikisi anopa kwemasvomhu muenzaniso yemapuraneti atomu rapera multistory uye maturo equations. Dambudziko racho ragadziriswa achishandisa Heisenberg chokwadi ukama. Izvi zvinoshamisa mwero kwemasvomhu okuti anosunga kusaziva spatial anoona Δx uye Δv nokukurumidza PARTICIPLE vakawanda M uye Planck airamba h:.

Δx * Δv> H / m

Nokudaro chinokosha musiyano micro- uye makro: chinzvimbo uye velocity zviri inoramba iri micro haana kuona imwe chimiro - vane probabilistic hunhu. Ukuwo, zviri Heisenberg nheyo iri kurudyi ine kongiri chaizvo zvakanaka kukosha, zvinoratidza kuti kukosha razero panobviswa mumwechete chokwadi. In tsika, ikoku kunoreva kuti velocity uye chinzvimbo zvacho zviri subatomic nyika anogara aronga pamwe kukanganisa, uye hachisi razero. In anawo angled Heisenberg kusaziva vasunge vamwe kwakabatana yegwara maitiro akadai simba uye nguva nechokwadi E Δt?:

ΔEΔt> H

Musimboti aya ndechokuti hazviiti panguva kuyera nesimba renyukireya nezvimedu uye nguva nenguva iyo iye ane izvozvo, pasina nechokwadi kukosha kwayo sezvo simba kuyerwa anotora dzimwe nguva, umo simba iri randomly achinja.