History yakawanikwa mavhitamini uye vavo kudzidza

Chave anopfuura zana nemakore kubva, sezvo mavhitaminzi zvaisanganisira muupenyu anenge munhu wose pasi pano. Zvisinei, vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti vanosvika 13 mubatanidzwa zvinhu vakadaro. Vamwe vanoonekwa kuti avo chete kufanana. The nengozi zvikuru kuti muviri synthesize vhitamini? Chii nhoroondo kuwanikwa mavhitamini uye avo kukosha?

Ndezvipi mavhitaminzi?

Saka, chii vari mavhitaminzi? Where rinobva nhoroondo kuwanikwa mavhitaminzi? Sei vari kudiwa kuti uzere upenyu-rutsigiro?

Kusiyana makabhohaidhiretsi, amino acids uye polyunsaturated mafuta acids, mavhitaminzi hazvisi simba ukoshi muviri Zvisinei, pave normalization kuti muviri. Way kutanga kuvapinza muviri anodya, zvinowedzera uye sunbathing. Ivo anoshandiswa neutralize kuti kusaenzana kana kushaya anobatsira zvicherwa. Chavainyanya Mabasa ndiwo: rubatsiro kolifermentam, kusangana kugarwa kuti muviri kutadzisa kwaita sagadzikana radicals.

History yakawanikwa mavhitamini akaratidza kuti izvi zvinhu zvakasiyana avo makemikari anoumba. Asi zvinosuwisa, haagoni zvinoberekwa muviri zvakarurama kwazvo.

Chii basa mavhitaminzi

vhitamini ose akasiyana, uye hazvibviri kuwana yokutsiva. Zvose zvinotsanangurwa chaiyo akagadzirwa zvinhu nevamwe kuti umwe yoga kutora fuma. Naizvozvo, kana muviri anosangana kuperevedza pakati vhitamini, pane migumisiro pachena: vhitamini kushaikwa, metabolic zvirwere, hosha.

Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti agadzirise, zvakasiyana-siyana uye akapfuma zvokudya, kusanganisira zvaunodya zuva nezuva kanenge kushoma mishonga yemwoyo pamwe anobatsira chero zvinhu.

Somuenzaniso, mavhitaminzi, kuva muboka B, zvazvinoita yakarurama kushanda tsinga, kutsigira basa iri zvirwere, kubatsira muviri nenguva netsika kutsiva uye kunatsurudza masero.

Asi usatya, kana ukacherechedza kuti zvokudya zvako uzere mavhitaminzi hazvikwani. Most vanhu ano vanoona dhefisiti yavo. Kuti nokuda pakati nepakati hakusi chete kudya, asi kushandisa mavhitaminzi dzakaoma.

Sei vanhu vauye mavhitaminzi

Fungidzira, kuguma remakore rechi19 risati, vanhu vazhinji havazive kunyange zvakadaro chinhu sezvo mavhitaminzi. Havaiti chete kutambura nokushayiwa zvokudya, asi kurwara zvakakomba uye kazhinji akafa. kuwanikwa mavhitaminzi sei? Muchidimbu kuedza kuudza pamusoro basa vanachiremba, zvezvavakacherechedza uye zvakawanikwa munzvimbo iyi.

Rakajairika zvirwere "dovitaminnyh" nguva vaiva:

• "Beriberi" - chirwere kuti sei vagari South-East, South Asia, apo mukuru simba panobva kwave rinobwinya, kupatsanurwa mupunga.
• Chakakuvara - chirwere kwakauraya upenyu zviuru vengarava.
• Kusimba, izvo kare akatambura kwete chete vana asiwo vakuru.

Vanhu vakafa rose mhuri, zvikepe havana kudzoka kubva kushambira nokuti rufu dzose vashandi nhengo.

Izvi zvakaenderera mberi kusvikira 1880. Kusvikira nguva akadai N. I. Lunin akasvika pakugumisa kuti zvokudya zvakawanda zvine ayo sezvamunoita imwe pfuma inokosha kune munhu. Uyezve, izvi zvinhu inokosha.

Chakakuvara - chirwere vengarava yekare

History yakawanikwa mavhitamini rine vakawanda chokwadi inotaridza kurasikirwa nemamiriyoni emadhora. Chikonzero rufu rwakanga chakakuvara. Apo chirwere yaiva chimwe chezvinhu inotyisa uye zvinouraya. Hapana kunyange kugona kufunga kuti chaikonzera - isiri zvokudya uye kushaya vhitamini C.

Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoita, chakakuvara chete nguva nenzvimbo zvakawanwa vaizviti miriyoni kuvafambisi vengarava. Muenzaniso anganzi pakundopambara kuIndia, yaiitwa pasi pokudzora Vasco of Gama: dzakawanda vairwara uye vakafa 160 nhengo rakarira.

J. Cook aiva mufambi wokutanga, uyo akadzokera chete chikamu chikwata kuti vakabva Marina. Nei vashandi nhengo havasi pasi zvichaitirwa vanhu vakawanda? J. Cook akaita avo zuva ndaisazombodya sauerkraut. Akatevera muenzaniso Dzheymsa Linda.

Kutanga 1795 zvibereko miriwo mavambo, Lemons, maranjisi nezvimwe Citrus zvibereko (kunobva vhitamini C), zvazova fanira chezvinonhuwira "zvokudya tswanda" vengarava.

By chokwadi vakasvika empirically

vanhu vashomanana vanoziva chii chakavanzika anochengeta nhoroondo kuwanikwa mavhitaminzi. Muchidimbu tinogona kutaura izvi: kuedza kuwana nzira yoruponeso, masayendisiti, vanachiremba vaedza pamusoro vanhu. Happy rimwe: vakanga chisingakuvadzi zvakakwana, asi haana kuda panyaya dzetsika ano uye tsika.

Kwakaita vanhu wava vakakurumbira 1747 wokuScotland chiremba John. Lind.

Asi ichi haana kuuya havo. Akamanikidzirwa ezvinhu: mungarava akashanda pamusoro iyo, kupararira chakakuvara. Kuedza kuwana nzira kunze izvi, Lind akasarudza vezvikepe vanorwara maviri gumi nembiri, unogovera vave mapoka akawanda. Treatment akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze nemhaka weboka iri. Boka rokutanga pamwe netsika kudya zvokudya cider, wechipiri - yomugungwa wechitatu - vhiniga, chechina - maranjisi. The wokupedzisira boka - chete vakapona kubva 20 vanhu vose.

Zvisinei, zvibayiro yevanhu vakanga vasiri pasina. Nokuda akabudiswa migumisiro kuedza (the bhuku "The Mabatirwo chakakuvara") rave vakaratidza kuti neutralize kukosha maranjisi chakakuvara.

The chidzoke rokuti

History yakawanikwa mavhitamini anoudza zvishoma pamusoro kwakatangira rokuti "vhitamini".

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti wokutsauka ndiye C. Funk, akasarudzwa vhitamini B1 mu crystalline chimiro. Pashure pezvose, ndiye akamupa zita zvinodhaka vitamine.

Next Baton kuchinja mumunda "vhitamini" Zvakatora pfungwa D. Drummond, vanofunga kuti zviri kukodzera kudana micronutrients zvose neshoko ine tsamba "e" yacho. Achitsanangura nayo chokuti haana vose ane amine acid.

Chaizvoizvo vitamayny vakatodzidza vanongogara zita "vhitamini" kwatiri. Inoitwa mashoko maviri Latin: "Vita" uye "Ameni". Yokutanga rinoreva "upenyu", uye yechipiri inosanganisira zita amino boka nitrogenous yeimwe.

The Kugara mashandisirwo shoko "vhitamini" waibatanidzwa chete muna 1912. Sezvairi, zvinoreva "pfuma inodiwa kuti upenyu."

History yakawanikwa mavhitamini: Sources

Nikolai Lunin akava mumwe wevanhu vafunge nezvebasa zvinhu zvinobva chikafu. Vezvesayenzi nguva pfungwa nachiremba ane Russian atora utsinye womuchato, haana ainyepa.

Zvisinei, chokwadi zviri kudiwa kuti chicherwa imwe mhando kungatowedzera kutanga yakawanikwa ne mumwe kupfuura Lunin. The Kuwanika mavhitamini uye dzavo indispensability zvimwe zvinhu yaakawana empirically (apo mavhitaminzi havana kusakara mazita avo ano). The experimental mbeva dzakanga. Vamwe zvokudya zvinosanganisira dzinongoitika mukaka, uye vamwe - akagadzirwa chakagadzirwa (nomukaka zvinhu: mafuta, shuga, munyu, casein). Mhuka vechigaro wechipiri boka, varwara ndokufa.

Kubva musi ARMENIA ichi Lunin akagumisa kuti "... mumukaka, kunze casein, mafuta, lactose uye munyu zvine zvichiri zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha kuti kudya kunovaka."

Nyaya akamutsa zvipenyu University of Tartu, KA vanofarira Sosina. Iye vakaperekedza kuedza uye akasvika akafanana mhedziso Nikolai Ivanovich.

Naizvozvo Lunin dzidziso airatidza, nokusimbisa uye pakuzadzisa nemabasa renyanzvi vavatorwa mudzimba.

Kuziviswa zvikonzero chirwere "beriberi"

Humwe nhoroondo dzidziso mavhitamini mberi basa chiremba Japanese Takaki. Muna 1884, akataura pamusoro chirwere kusakadza Japanese venguva "beriberi." Kwakatangira chirwere kwakawanikwa mumakore. Muna 1897, chiremba Irish Christiaan Eijkman akagumisa kuti, pakuonekwa mupunga, vanhu vanozvitadzisa zvinodiwa zvinovaka muviri, izvo zviri chikamu okumusoro akaturikidzana ose untreated mbeu.

Shure kwenguva 40 makore (muna 1936) zvakanzi synthesized thiamine kuperevedza anokonzera "beriberi." Kunze, chii chiri "thiamin" masayendisiti haana kuuya pakarepo. History of kuwanikwa B mavhitaminzi yakatanga kubudiswa mupunga tsanga, "Amen upenyu" (kana zvimwe vitamayn vitamine). Zvino 1911-1912. Munguva kubva 1920 kusvika 1934, masayendisiti vaziva zvayo makemikari payakavakirwa uye inonzi "Aneirin".

Opening mavhitamini A, H

Kana tikaongorora nyaya yakadai nhoroondo kuwanikwa mavhitamini, uchaona kuti kudzidza rave kunonoka asi akatsiga.

Somuenzaniso, vhitamini kushaikwa uye saka kudzidza zvakadzama chete kubva remakore rechi19. Stepp (Stepp) kwakaratidza ikurudziro kukura, ndiro chikamu mafuta. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1909. Uye kare muna 1913, Mac uye Dennis Koller akasarudza "chinhu A", makore gare gare (1916) zvakanzi kunzi "vhitamini A".

Kudzidza Vitamin H chakatangwa muna 1901, apo Uilders akaratidza pfuma inosimudzira kukura mbiriso. Akapa kumupa musoro "Bios". Muna 1927 iye akasarudzwa ovidin inonzi "Factor X", kana "vhitamini H". vhitamini ichi kuchititadzisa zvinoitwa pfuma iri zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Muna 1935, biotin akanga akapfupikisa kubva zai mondo Skittles (Kegl).

Mavhitaminzi C uye E

Pashure kuedza musi Linda vezvikepe remakore hapana akafunga pamusoro chikonzero nei munhu anova vachirwara chakakuvara. History chitarisiko mavhitamini, asi nhoroondo pakudzidza basa ravo yambokurukurwa mberi chete mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. VV Pashutin akawana kuti vezvikepe chirwere kunoitika nokuda kwokushayiwa zvimwe zvokudya zvinhu. Muna 1912, nokuda musi Guinea nguruve zvokudya zvakaitika, Holst uye Frolich akadzidza kuti kunodzivisa chitarisiko chakakuvara fuma kuti pashure 7 Makore pakuzivikanwa se vhitamini C. ra1928 ndipo maberekero ayo namakemikari wevacheche, mugumisiro akanga synthesized ascorbic acid.

Vhitamini E basa uye kukosha akatanga kudzidza ichangoburwa. Kunyange zvazvo kunokosha inokosha basa pamuviri kwacho. Kudzidza chokwadi ichi vakatanga chete muna 1922, experimentally vakawana kuti kana zvokudya zviri experimental makonzo vakanga vasingagoni mafuta, ipapo embryo akafira mudumbu. Izvi zvakawanikwa Evans. Chokutanga anozivikanwa mishonga enzvimbo boka vhitamini E vaiva ekstraktsinirovany zviri ruomba bhinzi inomera. The mushonga yave ainzi Arifa Beta tocopherol, chiitiko ichi chakaitika muna 1936. Makore maviri gare gare, Carrer akabata biosynthesis kwayo.

Huro B mavhitaminzi

Muna 1913 kwaiva kutanga kudzidza riboflavin uye nicotinic acid. Yakanga gore rino kwakaratidzwa Panovhurwa Osborne uye Mendel, uyo akaratidza kuti mukaka chine fuma inosimudzira kukura mhuka. Muna 1938 The yokuita nefuma, kwakavakirwa iyo yakanga yabudisa kwetunhu akanga dzakaonekwa. Saka zvakanzi yakawanikwa uye synthesized lactochrome ikozvino Riboflavin, aizivikanwawo vhitamini B2.

Nicotinic asidhi oga Funk mupunga mbeu. Zvisinei, muchidzidzo ichi uye akamira. Antipellagrichesky chete chinokosha, akazonzi nicotinic asidhi (vhitamini B3) yakavhurwa 1926.

Vhitamini B9 oga sezvo chikamu chiduku sipinachi anosiya iri 30s uye Mitchell vandine. The Second World War seiyi kuwanikwa mavhitaminzi. Muchidimbu mberi pakudzidza vhitamini B9 (folic acid) inogona dzinoratidzwa nokukurumidza kukura. Pakarepo pashure pehondo (muna 1945), kwetunhu raro akatakurwa kunze. Izvi zvakaitika mushure voga kubva mbiriso uye chiropa pteroylglutamic acid.

Muna 1933 zvakanzi deciphered makemikari anoumba pantothenic asidhi (vhitamini B5). Uye muna 1935 mhedziso vakanga akapikisa ne Goldberg pamusoro zvinokonzera pellagra mu makonzo. Zvakaratidza kuti hosha ichibudira kubva kusavapo pirodoksin, kana vhitamini B6.

Ichangobva vhitamini vakasarudzwa kubva boka B ari cobalamin, kana vhitamini B12. Extraction antianemic chinoita kuti chiropa chakaitika chete muna 1948.

Kutongwa uye kukanganisa: kuwanikwa vhitamini D

History of kuwanikwa vhitamini D aizivikanwa kuparadzwa pre-yaivapo zvinowanikwa nesayenzi. Elmer Makkolum aiedza kujekesa wake zvinyorwa pamusoro vhitamini A. Kuedza kuramba mhedziso dzakasvikwa parutivi murapi wemhuka Edward Mellanby, iye aiitisa kumwe kuedza musi imbwa. With kusimba mhuka akapa mafuta hove, izvo zvakanzi dzadzimwa vhitamini A. Kusavapo kwake haana kukanganisa kuzoita dzinovaraidza - vachiri akaporesa.

Vhitamini D kunogona kuwanikwa kwete chete kubva zvokudya, asiwo nemhaka chezuva. Rakaratidza AF Hess muna 1923.

Zvegore, kutanga hazvizivi vapfume calciferol mafuta zvokudya. Ultraviolet irradiation iri kunoitwa mune US nhasi.

Kukosha Kazimira Funka kudzidza mavhitaminzi

Zvichitevera Kuziviswa zvinhu kuvhiringidze kwaita chirwere "beriberi", kunoteverwa kudzidza mavhitaminzi. Not mudukusa basa iri kuridzwa ne Casimir Funk. Nhoroondo kudzidza mavhitamini rinoti kuti akasika gadziriro zvinosanganisira musanganiswa mvura-soluble zvinhu akasiyana namakemikari hunhu, asi akafanana pamberi senitrogen mairi.

Nokuda Funk akaona chiedza yesayenzi izwi sezvo beriberi. Haana chete akauya kwaari, uye vakawana nzira kuikurira, uye nyevero. Akauya kuna pakugumisa kuti mavhitamini vari vamwe makemikari, izvo zvinoita kuti nyore Absorção de Água yavo. Funk aiva pakati wokutanga kutanga gadziriro zvakakodzera, zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, chaiyo nezuva chinodiwa zvinokosha mavhitaminzi.

Casimir Funk akasika zvimwe makemikari analogues mavhitamini zviri dzinongoitika zvigadzirwa. Asi zvino craze vanhu analogues izvi Anovhundutsira. Mumakore hafu remakore yakawedzera nhamba kenza, chisimbwa, zvemwoyo uye zvimwe zvirwere. Mamwe masayendisiti chikonzero kukurumidza kupararira kwezvirwere izvi anoonekwa kushandisa chakaita zvokugadzirwa mavhitaminzi.