IAmerican dollar. Nhoroondo yekare

Nhasi mari yepasi rose ndiyo US dollar. Nhoroondo yemari yekushandurana yemari iyi yemari maererano neRussia ruble inotangira panguva iyo United States of America yakawana rusununguko uye yakaumba mari yehurumende yakangobva kuumbwa.

Pakati pezana remakore rechina reXIX. Mari yeUnited States uye umambo hweRussia yaingova pfuma yemari chete. Pepa banknotes yakatanga kupinda mumashambapiti mushure mokunge kubuda kweHondo Yenyika muUnited States, ndiko kuti, muna 1861-1865. Panguva imwecheteyo, mabhiriro maviri emari anoshandiswa panguva imwechete muRussia Empire: sirivha mari uye mabhizinesi.

Kuchinja mune dollar-ruble kushandiswa kwehuwandu kusvika pakugadziriswa kwehutano hwegoridhe

Kutanga musi waApril 2, 1792, kukosha kwemari yeAmerica kwakasungirirwa zvakasimba kune ndarama. Uyu murairo wakagadzirirwa nemutemo we US Congress. Maererano nechigadziro ichi, zvisizvo zvisingachinjiki zvedhora regoridhe rakaiswa. Saka, imwe dollar yakayera 1,60493 gramu kana 24.75 grit, uye chiyero chayo maererano nemari yekarist Russia yaiva 1 kusvika 1.39 rubles. Mashoko akadaro akachengetwa kusvikira muna 1834, apo yakasarudzwa kugovera zviyero zvinotevera kumadhora egoridhe: 23.25 mbeu kana 1.50463 g yegoridhe. Kubvira panguva ino, mutengo wekushandura wehurumende yenyika yakasangana ne ruble yakachinja uye waiva 1 kusvika ku3.

Muna 1897 Witte shanduko yakashandiswa. Somugumisiro wezviitiko izvi, chiyero chegoridhe mutsva yegoridhe chinopesana nedhora reAmerica chakashanduka uye chaiva 1.94. Ichi chiyero chakagara kusvikira kuputika kweHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese.

Mamiriro ezvinhu neyechikoro mumashure-revolutionary period

Kunyange zvakadaro, zviitiko zvekuvandudza muRussia, Hondo yeVanhu uye hupfumi hwehupfumi hunotevera hwakakonzera kukanganisa kwakaipisisa kwe ruble. Saka, kana muna 1916 chiyero chemadhora eU.S. uye ruble chaiva pamwero we1 kusvika ku7, uye mugore mugore rekushandurwa kwemaAmerica mari yakasimuka kusvika ku11. Pashure paizvozvo, kusvikira USSR yakasikwa, ruble yakaderera pakarepo. Zvadaro paiva nehope yakanyanya kudarika. Muna 1924, Soviet Union yakaita shanduko yezvemari, iyo yakakonzera zvakanyanya kuhurumende yemari yemari. ISoviet ruble yakapiwa negoridhe nenzira imwechete sezvaiitwa munguva dzeUsia hweRussia. Nekudaro, iyo yekare yakashandurwa kuwanda kwema dollar yakadzorerwa - 1.94. Kusvikira muna 1934 kubatanidza, chiyero ichi chakaramba chisina kuchinja.

Muna 1934, United States yaiva mune imwe nyika ye "Great Depression" - chimwe chinhu chisina kugadzirisa chete nyika pachayo, asiwo idhora. Nhoroondo yedzidzo iri kuchinja. Kuchengetedzwa kwegoridhe kwemari yeAmerica kwakaderedzwa. Panguva iyoyo yaive 0.888661 magamu esimbi yakakosha. ISoviet ruble yakasimbiswa kudhora iri, uye zvinyorwa zvaiva 1 kusvika 1.24 mukuda mari yeUnited States.

Makore echengetedzeka yakasimbiswa shanduko

Kutanga mukati megore ra1950, shanduko yakagadziriswa inoshandiswa yeSoviet ruble inogadziriswa nekuremekedza nyika yehurumende yemari yeUnited States kusvika pa1 kusvika ku4. Izvi zvakaramba zvisingashanduki kusvikira kushandiswa kwemari kuchiitwa muUSSR muna 1961. Kubvira panguva ino, kuenzaniswa kwepakati pakati pemari mbiri yakagadzirirwa pa 0,90 rubles pamadhora kwemakore gumi. Nhoroondo yehuwandu hwekushandurana kweDhora reUnited States kusvika kuRuble kubva panguva iyo kusvikira kuwa kweUSSR kwakanga kusiri kunoshamisa.

Kuchinja kwehuwandu hwekushandura mu 70-90's

Mumakore akatevera, muyero weSoviet ruble maererano nemari yeUnited States nguva dzose yakashandura. Iko kushandurwa kwakakonzerwa nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kuderedzwa kwedhora. Somuenzaniso, muna 1972 uye muna 1973, Chiyero chacho chaiva makopi anenge 80 pamadhora. Nhoroondo yekambani pamakore gumi nemashanu akatevera yakanyora kusimbiswa kwebrule, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvakange zvakasvika masentimita makumi manomwe nemazana manomwe emadhora emadhora. Zvechokwadi, ikozvino mumakore aya kwaive neinoti "misika yakasviba", iyo iyo dollar yakanga yakanyanya kudhura. Asi iyi yekutengeserana yakagadziriswa yakakosha mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe, apo USSR yakanga iri mumatambudziko makuru, uye Soviet ruble yakaramba yakasimbiswa kusimbisa mari ye US. Panguva iyoyo dhora raive rakakodzera pamakopo 60, mutengo webhizimisi weHurumende Bank yeSoviet Union yaiva 1 kusvika ku175 mukufarira dhora, uye pamusika mutema mari yeAmerica inogona kutengwa 30-33 Soviet rubles.