Idzidziso huru dzekuchechirwa kwechechi kweMutungamiriri wekare Nikon: mhinduro uye kukosha

Muna July 1652, nekutenderwa kweTar uye Guru Duke weRussia yose, Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, Nikon (anonzi Nikita Minin) akava Patriarch weMoscow uye All Russia. Akatora nzvimbo yeMatateguru Joseph, uyo akafa musi waApril 15 wegore iroro.

Munguva yemutambo wokutsaurira wakaitwa paAssumption Cathedral, Nikon akamanikidza Boyar Duma uye tsar kuti vimbise kusava nekupindira munyaya dzechechi. Nechiito ichi, iye, asina kupinda muchechi yepamusoro, akasimudza simba rake mumaziso evane simba uye nevanhuwo zvavo.

Sangano rezvematongerwe enyika uye ekereke

Kutenderwa kwamambo munyaya iyi kunokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinangwa:

• Kuita shanduko dzechechi, kuita kuti kereke ive yakafanana neyechiGiriki: kutanga tsika itsva, mabhuku, mabhuku (kunyange zvisati zvavakwa Nikon kusvika pachigaro chemukuru wemhuri, mambo akauya kwaari maererano neshoko iri, uye tateguru aifanira kutsigira);

• Iro sarudzo yemamwe maitiro emitemo (hondo nePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth nekubatanazve neUkraine).

Mambo akabvuma mazwi aNicon, uye akabvumirawo kubatana kwehukuru mukuru mukugadzirisa nyaya dzinokosha dzehurumende.

Uyezve, Alexey Mikhailovich akapa Nikon musoro we "guru guru", iyo yakapiwa kare kuna Filaret Romanov chete. Nokudaro, Alexei Mikhailovich uye tateguru vakapinda muhukama hwepedyo, vachiwana zvido zvavo uye zvinobatsira mune izvi.

Kutanga kwekuchinja

Kuva mukuru wemhuri, Nikon akatanga kushingaira kubvisa zvose kuedza kupindira munyaya dzechechi. Somugumisiro wemabasa ake anoshingaira uye kunyengetedza neTsar, pakuguma kwemakumi mapfumbamwe nemazana makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi matanhatu nemazana ematanho akashandiswa akagadzirisa zvinhu zvikuru zvekugadzirisa kweNikon.

Kuchinja kwakatanga muna 1653, apo Ukraine yakabatanidzwa munharaunda yeRussia. Icho chakanga chisina kungoitika. Mutemo wega wega wechitendero wakagadzirirwa kuchinja mumitambo miviri mikuru. Kuchinja kwechechi kweMutungamiriri wekare Nikon, icho chaicho chaiva chekushandura chirevo uye kugwagwa, chakaratidzwa pane zvinotevera:

• Kufugama kwepasi kwakatsiviwa nechiuno;

• Chiratidzo chemuchinjikwa, chichigamuchirwa muRussia pamwe chete nechiKristu uye kuva chikamu cheChechi yeVapostori Tsvene, chakatsiviwa nechetatu.

Kutambudzwa kwekutanga

Nhanho dzokutanga mukuvandudzika kwechechi dzakanga dzisingateereri nekodzero yekereke yekereke. Mukuwedzera, vakashandura zvakasimba nheyo netsika dzetsika dzaionekwa sezviratidzo zvekutenda kwechokwadi, uye zvakaita kuti kutsamwa uye kusagutsikana pakati pevafundisi nevechifundisi vaite.

Nheyo huru dzekuchinja kwechechi yeMutungamiriri wekare Nikon yaiva chikonzero chekuti kunyengetera kakawanda kwakaiswa patafura yamambo, kunyanya, kubva kune vaimbova shamwari dzake pamwe chete navo mubasa rechechi - Lazar, Ivan Neronov, madhikoni Fedor Ivanov, archpriest Daniel, Avvakum uye Loggin. Zvisinei, Alexei Mikhailovich, muhukama hwakanaka pamwe nemukuru wemhuri, haana kutora chikumbiro chacho, uye mukuru wekereke akakurumidza kusimudza mhirizhonga: Avvakum akaendeswa kuSiberia, Ivan Neronov akasungwa muSpain monastery, uye Dhanieri mukuru akaendeswa kuAstrakhan (asati atorerwa basa rake Mufundisi).

Kutanga kwakadaro kusaputsika kwekuchinja kwakamanikidza Nikon kuongorora zvakare nzira dzake uye kuita zvakanyanya nemaune.

Nhanho dzaitevera dzatateguru dzakasimbiswa nechiremera chevakuru vakuru vekereke yechiGiriki uye kereke yekereke. Izvi zvakasimbisa kuonekwa kwekuti zvisarudzo zvakatorwa uye zvakachengetedzwa neConstantinople Orthodox Church, iyo yakasimbisa zvikuru simba ravo munzanga.

Kugadzirisa kushanduko

Nzira huru dzekuchinja kwechechi yeMutungamiriri wekare Nikon dzakakonzera kuparadzana muchechi. Vatendi vakatsigira kuiswa kwemabhuku matsva ezvinyorwa, maitiro, miitiro yekereke , vakatanga kutumidzwa kuti Niconians (New Rites); Iyo iyo inopikisa, ichidzivirira tsika dzechimiro nemitemo yechechi, inonzi yakwegura vekare, Vatendi vekare kana Old Orthodox. Zvisinei, maNiconi, achishandisa basa rababa vedu uye mambo, akadudzira vapikisi vekuvandudza schismatics, vachichinja mhosva yavo yekuparadzaniswa kwechechi. Vaifunga kuti kereke yavo ndiyo inonyanya kukosha, Orthodox.

Zvakapoteredza tateguru

Vladika Nikon, asina ruzivo rwakanaka, akazvikomberedza nemasayendisiti, basa rinokosha pakati peiyo rakaratidza Arseniy chiGiriki, yakakonzerwa nevaJesititi. Achienda Kumabvazuva, akabvuma chitendero cheMamahama, mushure mechinguva - Orthodoxy, uye shure kweizvozvo - Katurike. Akaendeswa kune imwe imba yeSolovki sechitendero chinotyisa. Zvisinei, Nikon, achiva mutungamiriri wechechi, akabva aita Arseniy chiGiriki mubatsiri wake mukuru, izvo zvakakonzera kugunun'una pakati pevanhu veOrthodox veRussia. Sezvo vanhuwo zvavo vaisakwanisa kupesana nemukuru wemhuri, akashinga kuita urongwa, achivimba nekutsigirwa namambo.

Nheyo huru dzekuchinja kwechechi kweMutungamiri Nikon

Musoro wekereke hauna kutarisira kusagutsikana kwevanhu veRus nezviito zvavo. Akatenda kuenda kune chinangwa, nekunyatsotanga mutsva mumasangano echitendero.

Nzira dzekuchinja kwechechi kweMutungamiri Nikon dzakaratidzwa mukushandurwa kwakadaro:

• Panguva yechiratidzo chekubhabhatidzwa, chichato, kucheneswa kwetemberi, iyo yakakomberedzwa inopesana nezuva (asi mumitambo yekare yakaitwa maererano nezuva sechiratidzo chekutevera Kristu);

• Mumabhuku matsva zita reMwanakomana waMwari rakanyorwa nenzira yechiGiriki - Jesu, asi mumabhuku ekare - Jesu;

• Hiriaaa (maviri) (rimwe chete) halleluya yakatsiviwa nekatatu (mutero);

• Panzvimbo pezvinyorwa zvinomwe (maitiro eMwari akaitwa panomwe prosphoras), tsvakurudzo yechishanu yakatanga;

• Mabhuku ezvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvino zvakanga zvadhindwa mumadziro ekudhinda aJesuit eParis neVenice, uye haana kuenderana nemaoko; Uyezve, mabhuku aya aifungidzirwa akatsauka, uye kunyange vaGiriki vakavaidza kukanganisa;

• Mhemberero yeSymbol yekutenda mumagazini yeMoscow yakadhindwa mabhuku eiturgical yakaenzaniswa nemashoko echiratidzo chakanyorwa paSikasi yeMetropolitan Photius; Kusanzwisisika kunowanika mumagwaro aya, uye mune mamwe mabhuku, kwakatungamirira kukuti Nikon akasarudza kuvaruramisa uye kuita mhando yemabhuku echiGiriki ezvinyorwa.

Saka, kazhinji, kuchinja kwechechi kweMutateguru Nikon kwakaratidzika. Tsika dzeVatendi vekare dzakaramba dzichinjwa. Nikon nevatsigiri vake vakapindirana pamusoro pekuchinja kwechechi yekare mitemo nemitambo, ichibva panguva yekubhabhatidzwa kwaRussia. Kurwisana kwekuchinja hakubatsiri pakukura kwesimba rababa vedu. Kutambudzwa kwevanhu vakavimbika kumitambo yekare kwakatungamirira kukuti mazano makuru ekereke kuchinja kweMutungamiriri wekare Nikon, akafanana iyeye, aivengwa nevanhuwo zvavo.