Informal uye chakarongwa masangano: pfungwa, zvinangwa uye zvinangwa

Upfumi rinoumbwa mumabasa akasiyana masangano. Informal uye chakarongwa masangano ndivo hwaro zvoupfumi. Vanogona kuva zvakasiyana yakarongeka, akasiyana-siyana zvinangwa uye zvinangwa, asi chinangwa chavo chikuru - kuita kugadzirwa zvebhizimisi mabasa.

Pfungwa sangano

Mharidzo pamusoro sangano rakaumbwa panguva mharadzano kuti anoranga akadai dzezvoupfumi zvakanaka uye. Under zvinonzwisiswa uye nzira iyo zvakasikwa uye kudzora chero maitiro, uye dzakaunganidzwa zvimwe aiita-siyana gadziriro uye mapoka mukufamba pamwe basa, uye kuunza vanhu pamwe kuzadziswa zvinetso. Setsika, kune marudzi matatu masangano wenhau: munharaunda, makambani uye shamwari. Zvichienderana womukati nemamiriro musimboti varipo kurongwa uye chepamutemo masangano. Asi chero zvakadaro, vari boka revanhu vakabatanidzwa zvakafanana zvinangwa uye zvinangwa. The chikuru chepfungwa sangano iri kuva vanhu vashoma vanoita pamwe ndokudzingirira kubudirira inokosha mumagariro, zvakafanana chinangwa. Masangano vari kunzwisisa marongerwo uye vakawanda mhuka.

nemamiriro sangano

Kunzwisisa kwakaita kudzidza masangano ndechokuti vari kusiyaniswa chinhu chaizvo siyana marongerwo. Zviri chisinganzwisisiki, interconnected maitiro masangano nedzimwe mabasa uye mamiriro. The nemamiriro sangano riri pasi womukati pfungwa yacho kugadzirwa urongwa, zvinoratidza dzichipfekeka chaizvo pamusoro zvebhizimisi uye akagadzirirwa aivabatsira inonyatsobudirira chichapedza matambudziko zvoupfumi uye zvoupfumi.

Setsika, sechivako sangano kunoonekwa sechinhu kudzorwa. The mamiriro kwesangano chinorondedzerwa basa mabasa uye mabasa boka, riri kukanganiswa zveupfumi zvinhu - kodzera musangano marongerwo kuderedza mari. Uyewo, kuti mamiriro sangano iri kukanganiswa zvinhu zvakadai muchimiro kuzvidzora, ukuru centralization nomunhu dzichipfekeka dzakabatana, weboka basa, zvokunze zvakatipoteredza, nzira ukama vashandi utariri nzira.

Nemamiriro sangano kunoita kuti kubudirira uye kunyatsoshanda okuwana Kutarisira uye zvisarudzo sarudzo dzinonetsa. The mamiriro kwesangano inofanira kuva chandagwinyira, asi akatsiga, mukanyanyisa chekambani makwikwi mumusika.

Mhando sangano hurongwa

On pakudzidza musangano mamiriro , vane nzira dzakawanda. Mugore hwokugadzira zvinoumba chimiro sangano - kwegadziriro zvinhu midziyo uye pezvakaitwa kuti ndiyo hwaro pamusoro Implementation pamusoro pezvakaitwa zvose. Technical mamiriro zvinopa hwaro dzichipfekeka ukama pakati mudonzvo, nezvainoita kugutsikana uye hunhu basa, anosarudza mhando pachake uye kushanda nevamwe pakati mudonzvo nezvainoita evanhu nemamiriro sangano.

The Social nemamiriro sangano rinofukidza interpersonal uye intergroup mukukurukurirana, uye kunosvika kune zvinangwa, tsika, simba. Social mamiriro zvinokonzerwa zvinoverengeka: vachikwanisa utungamiri uye mano ake kuvaka nzira uye ukama, kutendeseka, professionalism, tsika uye pfungwa okunze ari seboka, rokusika uye nyanzvi zvinogona revashandi, kutanga kwavo, mano uye chido kutsvaka unconventional nzira kuita matambudziko maindasitiri.

Chechitatu chezvinonhuwira vesangano mamiriro - sociotechnical, mamiriro ichi chinosanganisira spatial nzira pooling vashandi mabasa avo, kuona interconnections dzavo.

Kwesangano nemamiriro boka iri basa inogona rakakamurwa hierarchical uye adhokraticheskie. Uyewo hierarchical mamiriro rakakamurwa Linear, chadzo, Linear-yaishandiswa, divisional, uye vamwe. A vari rakakamurwa makemikari chizvaro, magadzirirwo bhurigedhi.

Hierarchical hurongwa ndivo vakawanda mhando masangano ivo kumhuka zvishoma nezvishoma mune nzira dzidziso management. Linear mamiriro kwesangano riri nyore uye kwese kuti makambani nyore kugadzirwa yatinofema. In masangano aya, ose zvinogara ikashandiswa pasi musoro, izvo zvinozoita zviri pasi pemasimba mamaneja. Head Unit paanotarisira zvizere basa wedhipatimendi ake. Kunakisa maumbirwo ichi ndicho pachena kubudirira nechimwe chikwata yayo maneja, vakarongeka vzaimopodchineniya maitiro uye kuparadzira mashandiro, zvakajeka nzvimbo basa vatungamiri nerimwe kubatana. Zvazvakashatira zvivako musangano kwakadaro vari kunzwisisa zvinonyatsorehwa inokosha utariri zviumbu, chimwe nechimwe anopedza dambudziko, asi zvematongerwo zvishoma muna Implementation nzira dzinokosha zvirongwa, murombo mukana wokushandiswa uye Kugamuchira nechinzwano kwokunze kuchinja, muprista mwero nedoro kwemigumisiro kubva mamaneja professionalism. Functional mamiriro kwesangano zvichisiyana nheyo kupatsanurwa Linear dzakabatana, iye akasika hwaro mabasa. In nemasangano, vanowanzoita muchinjikwa-mutungamiriri nokuda chete womufananidzo, izvo zvinoomesa zvikuru utariri. Linear uye dzichipfekeka ezvirevo - ari kusiya kare, kudzorwa nzira, sezvo havasi kusangana ano zvinodiwa utariri.

Linear-yaishandiswa maumbirwo anosanganisa maviri marudzi rapfuura, muchiitiko ichi, mutsetse Mamaneja vanovimba mabasa dzichipfekeka dzakabatana. zvivako izvi anobatsira chete mhando okuwana pezvakaitwa netsvimbo kuti hapana vanhu vanopfuura 3,000. A yakawanda yemazuva ano mhando imwe maumbirwo yakadaro sangano linearly-mudonzvo umo basa rimwe akasikwa kudzimbahwe, kunobatsira mamaneja kugadzirisa matambudziko zvinokosha. Divisional mamiriro dzinoratidzwa makuru makambani pamwe kunzwisisa kugadzirwa yatinofema. Division I - imwe kugadzirwa Unit, inotungamirirwa mutungamiri ndiani anonyatsokwanisa anokonzera basa chikwata chake. Divisions zvinogona dzinounzwa iri remunharaunda hwaro (ichi zvinonzwisisika bazi gadziriro) kana pamusoro chigadzirwa. Hierarchical sangano mamiriro vari mudanga, asi vakaderera pane kuchinja pasi pokudzora dzinochinja kwezvakatipoteredza. Kazhinji zvivako kwakadaro pane nguva rokusarudza, bureaucratic ematongerwo.

Organic hurongwa akagadzirirwa kubvisa vakuru vakuru zvaaikanganisa, izvo zvinosikwa kuti mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu uye sei nokukurumidza kune kuchinja, anochinjika - ndiwo musiyano wavo mukuru uye zvinobatsira. Brigadnaya akasiyana chinjikira marongerwo zvinobatanidza mudonzvo kushanda mumapoka. Kunakisa zvivako akadaro kwokushandisa vachikwanisa, kumhanya sarudzo, asi pane nematambudziko vavete kunzwisisa ekufambisa zvikwata uye kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvine urongwa. Saizvozvowo pane chirongwa mamiriro, sezvamakaropafadzwa vakasarudzwa kushanda boka pasi aurayiwe imwe basa. Matrix kana chirongwa-chipfuro mamiriro rine mhando mbiri zvinhu: dzichipfekeka mabasa uye zvirongwa kana zvirongwa. Mavari pane mbiri kuzviisa pasi, uye kuti kushaya nemasangano. Asi kunakisa ndiye kunyatsoshanda management, kushanda zvakanaka, matunhu kuita, kubata nezvinetso anoshandiswa kukura nzira.

Uyewo, sechivako sangano rakakamurwa yakarongwa uye yakajairwa. Formal - ndiwo mamiriro, iyo ndee chero magwaro, kurongwa mamiriro - nayo nomuzvarirwo dzakabudirira ukama vashandi vavo kupesana mapoka mukati chikwata. Huru hurongwa vari yakajairwa zvemagariro pabonde. Informal mapoka zvaitika, kana zvava kudikanwa, saka vane Mobile uye ane adaptive marongerwo. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, kuparadzira masimba uye mashandiro mumapoka akadaro anogona nyore kushandurwa.

Zvinangwa uye mabasa dzesangano

Informal uye chakarongwa masangano vakasikwa muzita imwe chinangwa, uye ivo kuziva rudzi uye nemamiriro kambani. Zvinongova nomusoro kuti sangano kunoratidzwa zvinangwa kunzwisisa uye siyana, izvi zvinosanganisira:

• Strategic zvinangwa. Pfungwa pose, refu zvinangwa kambani - chinhu chinokosha mumabasa vekambani. Zvinangwa izvi zvinosanganisira nzvimbo chekambani pamisika, ayo mufananidzo, zvinokosha maindasitiri uye vezvokutengeserana kuita kwenguva refu kukura.
• Tactical zvinangwa. Nzira kuzadzisa zvinangwa yose nguva dzose iri kuburikidza kubudirira zvinangwa zvisingatori nguva. Nokuti ichi mhando zvinangwa mberi uye kushanda zvakaoma kuti chokwadi nedudziro zvinonakisa inokosha kutungamirirwa kukura.
• zvinangwa Economic. sangano chero akaregedza pacharo vavariro ezvokutengeserana purofiti, vanofanira kuratidzwa kusanganiswa kukosha: mune mari uye nguva kuzadzisa.
• Production zvinangwa. chekambani kukura hazvibviri pasina mazuvaano uye uvandudze okuwana. Kutenga zvokushandisa, kukura ruzivo, kutsvaka nzvimbo itsva Implementation - zvose kufufutirwa kupinda mukugadzira nzira.
• zvinangwa Social. Kuunza akanaka ezvinhu kuti paumbwe yemakambani tsika, zvakamubaya magariro netsika - ichi zvose zvakare chikamu chinokosha musangano.

Chinangwa wevakadzidza sangano anowanzoshandurwa ngadzirambe dziri bumbiro uye ndiye pfungwa uye motivational zvakasikwa, inofanira chokuita nekambani basa. Zvinangwa kurongwa mapoka yemanyorero hadzina wakaiswa kunyora kuonekwa sezvo tsika dzakafanana uye zvavanofarira. All zvinangwa zvesangano pokutanga kuitira kuti kukosha uye, kunobva kwavari, kuronga mazano uye nzira basa.

Unhu unhu dzesangano

Pasinei Misiyano pakati masangano, ivo kugovana unhu kuri mumashoko mumwe wavo. The chikuru tive sangano - pamberi chipfuro, riri pedyo zvose chikamu.

An maitiro anokosha chakarongwa sangano - zvayo pamutemo uye voga. The sangano inofanira kuva pamutemo-yakanyatsomira chimiro management, iro rinopa ayo chinzvimbo chinokosha. Kusurukirwa iri kunooneka mune kuvhara zviri kugadzirwa uye kutarisirwa yomunyika pezvakaitwa kuti kusika muganhu pakati sangano uye kunze nyika. Inotevera chiratidzo sangano - zviri inokosha Kuwanikwa zviwanikwa: munhu, zvemari, zvinhu, masangano ehurumende sezvo zvekuvaka anogona simba. The sangano rine maitiro akadai kuzvidzora, ane yayo nzvimbo basa uye anotora chikuru kusarudza zvavanoda. Asi iye anoramba novimba zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, hunobata mabasa ayo. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha ndechokuti kuvapo imwe tsika yesangano kuti ariko muchimiro yemakambani dzemunharaunda, tsika, tsika, ngano.

Zviratidzo masangano pamutemo

Uyezve zvakafanana zvinhu mamirire yakarongwa sangano rine yayo nevamwe zvinhu. Chokutanga izvi zvinhu ndiyo kuvapo yakatarwa magwaro yokudzora mabasa ayo: mirayiridzo, mirau, mirayiro, mirau, taurira wake mumwe maitiro mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Saka, mabasa ayo pakutanga zaformalizovana. Wevakadzidza nemamiriro sangano uye zvinosanganisira kurongwa mapoka, asi ayo pamutemo zvinoriumba nguva dzose rave. Saka, wevakadzidza sangano iri nguva dzose vakwanise uye zvakawanda zvisina kurongwa.

Zviratidzo masangano kurongwa

The yakasiyana zvechadenga masangano kurongwa kusiyanisa kubva ayo antipode. maitiro aya anosanganisira:

• Kuwanikwa paruzhinji kuzvidzora. Masangano Informal vari pasi kugara pokudzora nhengo dzavo uye zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, kuti tizive vanotenderwa uye vachiva maitiro. Nhengo kurongwa mapoka prescribes zvimwe mapatani zvounhu, nokuti kutsauka kubva dzemunharaunda uye nemitemo boka nhengo inomira kutsoropodza kana kunyange kudzingwa boka.
• Mhingaidzo yokuchinja. Chimwe chinhu kurongwa mapoka ndiyo womukati nemishonga kushandura, boka ruchigona zvaichengetedza uye kufunga kuchinja sezvo ngozi ayo tipone.
• Kuvapo zvisina vatungamiriri. Anokosha hunhu mapoka akadaro pamberi zvisina vatungamiriri. Mutungamiri boka - chiri chivako-dzichiumbwa chinhu masangano akadaro, ivo akapa kodzero uye mabasa, uye ane chivimbo uye kuzivikanwa pakati penhengo dzeboka.

marudzi masangano

Kunze kuti pane yakarongwa uye kurongwa masangano, sezvo anogona kusunungurwa uye dzimwe mhuka. Vanogona Classified ne indasitiri: .. Trade, kugadzira, Mediation, basa, etc. Maererano pamutemo wenyika sangano inogona rakakamurwa wezvokutengeserana uye non-vezvokutengeserana. In mazwi okuwana vangazivikanwa sezvo diki, svikiro uye makuru masangano. Basic kupatsanura ainyanya chokuita nemasangano ari pamutemo, asi dzimwe mhando angawanika zvisina boka.

Internal sangano zvakatipoteredza

Chinokosha sangano iri pamberi womukati kwezvakatipoteredza. Kwaari inosanganisira zvinangwa, zvinangwa, mamiriro sangano, munhu pfuma uye rwokugadzira. The womukati kwezvakatipoteredza - a chinjwa chimiro, sezvo zvikuru novimba ezvinhu. yakarongwa sangano hurongwa ine mapoka akasimbisa utungamiri avo mabasa Vanotungamirirwa mitemo nemirayiro yakanyorwa magwaro. In ichi chinhu dzomunyika kwezvakatipoteredza inowanzopiwa anotaurwa sezvo zvinhu vesangano chepamusoro tsika. Wevakadzidza boka iri nyaya vangagara kuchinja, asi initiator ari maneja. Informal Mapoka tiri chikamu womukati kwezvakatipoteredza, asi mabasa avo muduku pamwero iri zvakafanorongwa uye inodzorwa. Pano basa rinokosha iri reDare pakukurukurirana, rudo uye ukama, chii anonzi mupfungwa okunze rwekuita boka.

Yakarongwa uye yakajairwa mapoka musangano

The kunzwisisa maumbirwo masangano, kunyanya makuru ndivo, kunosanganisira kusarudzwa mukati duku kushanda mapoka kuti mabasa akasiyana. Vanogona kuva yakarongwa kana yakajairwa. Basa zvinenge mapoka ndiko kugadzirisa maindasitiri uye vezvokutengeserana zvinetso mirayiridzo Chinyorwa. Mapoka akadaro kwenguva ya chero basa Somuenzaniso, kusika basa. mabasa avo nokudzorwa magwaro akadai mirairo, izvo govera masimba uye chinetso. Asi makambani makuru nguva dzose kwatangwa uye yakajairwa masangano. Mienzaniso Mapoka akadaro anogona kuwanikwa chero chirimwa. Ivo peta nomuzvarirwo pahwaro pachavo likes uye zvavanofarira. Ivo inoitawo basa rinokosha musangano, sezvo dziite chikwata, chimiro uye kuchengetedza mamiriro musangano, kukonzera kuvandudzika ari chepamusoro tsika.

Pfungwa uye basa mutungamiriri boka

Informal uye chakarongwa masangano huchishanda yakavakirwa vatungamiri. mutungamiriri pfungwa presupposes kuvapo murume uyu unokosha mupfungwa maitiro uye unhu. The Mutungamiri - munhu aine chivimbo pamusoro boka payo, inofanira kuva simba. Kana mune zvinenge mapoka anenge pamutemo rokuva asiri mutungamiri, zvisina mapoka anogara mutungamiriri, uyo nominated basa ichi nokuda kwake pachake unhu. Mutungamiri boka kunounza vanhu pamwe chete uye chinovakurudzira kuti vaite chero chimwe chinhu, haafaniri vomanikidza pavo, nekuti vashandi nokuzvidira akapa masimba ake. Modern Management anokurudzira kudzora vatungamirire, kuvimba kwavo mapoka simba upfumi.

Management kwomuitirowo sangano

wevakadzidza kurapa sangano inobva tsika mashandiro management: mukuronga, sangano, kuzvidzora, chido uye Kufambisa. In Masangano zvakadaro, kutituma ndiyo weboka basa izvo allocates kuti mushandi mumwe nomumwe ari kugadzirwa cheni. Masangano ehurumende Somuenzaniso, anoshanda maererano basa rondedzero, izvo zvakajeka kutaridzwa kukura kwebasa basa, masimba, kodzero uye mabasa akasiyana-siyana vepachikoro. In collectives dzakadaro utariri ndero yakakwirira zvikuru, sezvo vatambi havafaniri zvisarudzo, hazvina kufanira kuwana mirayiridzo. Formal boka inoda mutungamiri vaizopinzwa simba kutora basa. Management nokuda kwayo zvinenge sangano ogrstrukturoy, zvinangwa, kukura, fakotrami zvemukati uye kwokunze ezvinhu.

Management of zvisina boka

Informal evanhu sangano presupposes imwe rusununguko, hazvina chaiwo akanyatsorongwa simba, chinhu chikuru pano - the vomunzanga uye ukama. Management boka yakadaro riri kuitwa akawanda mirayiridzo, yakatambarara, kubva pasi kusvikira kumusoro kumusoro kusvikira pasi. kurongwa kurapa sangano aite wevakadzidza vatungamiriri, asi kakawanda itsvo vanopiwa mafungiro vatungamiri, takaberekwa tine simba boka. In Masangano aya, haugoni kushandisa kujairana utariri Ezvemutauro muchimiro mirayiridzo zvirevo kazhinji utariri rinoitwa pachishandiswa mupfungwa nzira simba nezvainoita. Informal Group Management zvinoenderana cohesion uye boka kukura, chinzvimbo uye akafanana.