Kana uye ndiani akatanga yemagetsi cheya?

Ndiani akazogadzira yemagetsi cheya? Muvezi, zvemagetsi, nyanzvi - zvakadai nzira kuuya mupfungwa. Zvimwe kushamiswa kuziva kuti kupupura kumurume akanga akasiyana. Munyaya ino tichashandisa kupindura mubvunzo: ndiani akatanga yemagetsi cheya? Zvinoda zvakawanda hanya, nokuti nhoroondo chokuita nacho, unofadza zvikuru. Thomas Edison mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 akazogadzira incandescent rambi. Zvechokwadi, munhu uyu haasi iye akazogadzira yemagetsi chair. Zvisinei, izvi zvakanga danho rokutanga munzira dzakasiyana-siyana Zvakawanikwa chokuita nemagetsi. kuvamba ichi, zvikurukuru, akatibvumira kushandisa nokuda maguta okuvimba.

Pfungwa vakasvika Albert Southwick

Vakawanda vanofarira mubvunzo: aiva musiki imwe nzira itsva kuuraya? Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Albert Sautvik - uyo akazogadzira yemagetsi chair. basa rake - chiremba wemazino. Uyu murume akauya achibva riri kuchamhembe kweNew York guta Buffalo. Ani naani akazogadzira yemagetsi cheya (kupupura kwayo, sezvamunoona, mumwe isingatarisirwi shoma), aidavira kuti rinogona kushandiswa rufimbi mune okurapa. Kamwe Albert akaona miti waya pamusoro mumwe vagari Buffalo. Uyu murume akafa sezvo pfungwa iyoyo Southwick, nyarara uye akapotsa nguva imwe. Izvi nyaya zvakamutungamirira kudavira kuti aurayiwe zvemagetsi mavambo zvinogona kutsiviwa sezvo kukurumidza uye kuda mirango zvavakatemerwa apo yakarembera. Southwick kutanga akafunga kushandisa magetsi kuitira kubvisa mhuka vasingadiwi, pane Flushing pavo. Kolonelu Rockwell, mukuru Society kuti kudzivirira mhuka kubva utsinye, aifarira pfungwa.

dare

Southwick muna 1882 ichiitwa dzakatevedzana kwakaita mhuka, uye yakabudiswa nemigumisiro vake mapepa zvesayenzi. Albert kazhinji kuwana vaya akazogadzira yemagetsi chair. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda vaiita kwayo kukura. Zvikurukuru, Southwick akaratidza migumisiro kuedza avo, David McMillan, ari Seneta uye shamwari yake. Akati kuti aurayiwe kushandisa magetsi ari nyarara, ndiro dzayo chikuru zvinobatsira. Makmillian waitsigira richengetedzwe rufu. Pfungwa iyi akakwezva somunhu nharo pamusoro wayo abolition. Vakanzwa Makmillian akaisa db Hill, mubati New York. , Elyuridzh Jerry (enyika) uye Metyu Heyl (mutongi) - In 1886, basa rinokosha, rinoumbwa Southwick (chiremba wemazino, Sezvambotaurwa basa kwevanhu, uyo akazogadzira yemagetsi cheya) akasikwa. mhedziso yayo, iyo mubumbiro 95-peji mushumo, aiva kuti nzira yakanakisisa kuuraya - achiurayiwa magetsi mavambo. States akataura kuti mushumo ino chikatsiviwa mhando itsva chirango anorembera.

rufu mutemo

Muna 1888, June 5, akanga yakasainwa naGavhuna kuMudzidzisi mutemo, izvo vakapinda simba akanga kubva 1889. Yakaramba kuti kusarudza mhando kushandisa Magetsi: AC kana DC. Sei zvakasiyana? Ngatimbotaurei zvazviri.

AC uye DC

Akashanda panyaya iyi, masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana, asati nokugadzirwa chinoitwa na Thomas Edison. Zvisinei, Edison (yaifananidzira pazasi) ndiye akatanga kushandisa dzidziso yakatanga naye. Muna 1879 yokutanga simba yemapurisa yakavakwa. Edison kuti maitiro Anomhanyira zvakananga iyezvino. Zvisinei inoyerera chete muna rimwe divi, saka kuitika romugove rave kutotadzisa kure. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuvaka simba chirimwa kugovera svikiro kadikidiki guta pamwe magetsi.

Exit akawana Nikola Tesla, musayendisiti Croatian. Iye ndohwaJehovha pfungwa kushandisa rakatumbuka razvino, izvo zvinogona kushandura kanoverengeka por wechipiri mirayiridzo, pakusika munhu remagineti, pasina kurasikirwa voltage. Unogona kuwedzera kana kutapudza rakatumbuka voltage vachishandisa transformers. kuitika kwakadaro kunogona kupfuura pamwe shoma kurasikirwa pamusoro madaro marefu, uye ipapo kuunza kuti Mutengi dzemagetsi kuburikidza danho-pasi transformer.

Tanga kushandisa AC

maitiro Izvi kukwezvwa vanoita, mumwe akanga Dzhordzh Vestingauz (aimiririra pazasi).

Aida kuti kushandisa mari yose iri AC, asi Edison kwakaita zvemichina kwaiva nevakawanda panguva iyoyo. Zvisinei vaishandira Edison, Tesla,, kuti kukura kwake haasi kuteerera, uye Tesla chokurega. nokukurumidza The musayendisiti patented pfungwa dzake. Westinghouse muna 1888 akatenga 40 Tesla patents, uye vanopfuura zana maguta makore mashoma vakanakidzwa AC hurongwa.

"Zvinosiyana of Titans"

Muna 1887, Edison akatanga kuzvidza hurongwa, yaida muunganidzwa mashoko kubva vashandi vavo pamusoro zvakakonzera, ac kufa. Saka wakatarisira kuratidza kuti nzira yake ndiyo yakachengeteka nokuda paruzhinji.

"Zvinosiyana of Titans" rakatanga apo mubvunzo akasimuka kuti hworudzii ano kudirwa wapamusoro. Nikola Tesla (yaifananidzira pazasi) panguva imweyo kurega kutaura Thomas chero mashoko uye vanosarudza kuramba vakanyarara. Asi Tomasi Vakaputsa Tesla vake maitiro nechido uye positiveness. "Hondo dzenzvimbo" kusvikira 2007! In New York, chete remakore rechi21 kufananidzira kucheka rokupedzisira waya DC. Yose richikurukura America uye nyika yose akavhunduka zvachose AC.

Bhurocha uye waivako Edison

Sezvo Edison aisada ake nzira kuvamba rimwe kana mumwe chokuita norufu, aida rakatumbuka kutira yaiiswa mudziyo aiendeswa rufu. Musayendisiti muna 1887 akabudisa turakiti "Warning". Mairi, akaenzanisa pamwe shanduka DC uye akanongedza yakachengeteka yokupedzisira.

Speech pamberi komisheni Tomasa Edisona akaita simba pfungwa. chipo muvambi zvose nechokwadi kuti kana uchishandisa rakatumbuka ano magetsi parufu kukurumidza uye nyarara. kugadzirisa nyaya iyi, Komisheni akatarisana nomubvunzo nzira kushandiswa kuparadza jekiseni, izvo vaiona zvikuru kuda pane electrocution. Ndizvozvo muzana remakore rechi20 vakatanga kushandisa zvinenge zvose inoti kwaiva chirango rufu. Zvichida vakawanda havana kutambura ari yemagetsi cheya, regai kuva makwikwi pakati makambani, uyewo anonyengera Tomasa Edisona pamberi komisheni. Mubvunzo Yaivawo ndechokuti Implementation kuurayiwa nokuda ngozi jekiseni kunoitika vanachiremba kuti nezvikonzero pachena, hazvibviri.

kuuraya rokutanga

Mugore 1889 gore, January 1, akatora mutongo yokutanga kushandisa michina iyi, sezvo yemagetsi cheya (Photo ngachipiwe pazasi). The chikwata chaishandiswa nokuti, inonzi vestingovannym cheya, kana cheya Westinghouse, Mumakumi emakore akazotevera. Muchirimo 1891 akapfuura zvinotevera mutongo. Mhosva siyana vakaurayiwa 4 vanhu. Rakanga kugadziridzwa kuunza nzira kuuraya munhu mutongo. Zvazova jenareta kupfuura simba uye mukobvu waya. 2nd electrode raiwanzobatana kuti ruoko, pane nomuzongoza. More zvakanaka vakapfuura vaiurayiwa izvi, uye nzira itsva yave vabvuma voruzhinji.

The Kuurayiwa William Kemmler

William Kemmler, uyo akauraya mudzimai wake zvakafanana-mutemo nedemo, yaiva yokutanga "tester" kuti utsanzi. Akaurayiwa muguta Auburn muna 1890, 6 August. Aisagona chinozivikanwa zvikonzero kurondedzera manzwiro avo. Ani naani akazogadzira yemagetsi cheya, ndingadai akafanoona zvakaitika. Avo varipo panguva yacho mutongo nokuda chapupu yakaratidza kuti chaikonzera achiri mupenyu pashure 15-20 masekonzi muchikwata 1st. Ndaifanira zvinosanganisira kutira kuti nguva refu uye ane yakawanda mupfungwa. "Experiment" ichiri inorwadza refu uye akaita kusvikira pakuguma. Vakawanda munyika uye American pachena kuchema zvakakonzera chirango ichi.

Kuuraya kushandisa yemagetsi cheya

We tsanangura rokuurayira michina achishandisa yemagetsi chair. Mutadzi anogara pachiri, uye yakasungirirwa cheya dehwe anosungira, kugadzirira mubhokisi, chidya, neketani uye chiningoningo. Body ngadzirambe 2 electrodes mhangura, mumwe netsoka (nepose magetsi akaveura ganda pasi payo), uye mumwe - iri nokuveurwa korona. The electrodes kazhinji lubricated gel chaiyo kuderedza ganda unopfuta uye nani vakabata ano. Opaque chifukidzo yaipfekwa pachiso.

Mhondi runonditsikirira banga chinja pamusoro control panel bhatani, nokudaro achipa 1st mutariri voltage chiri kubva 1700 kusvika 2400 volts uye Duration - vanenge 30-60 seconds. The timer wakagarira pachine nguva, uye magetsi paanenge adzima kwaita. Chiremba pashure kuongorora muviri maviri mhosva mhosva, nokuti vanogona vaurayiwe. Somugumisiro kufema rutivi rwomuviri uye cardiac rufu kunoitika.

kupuruvha

Zvisinei, wavarindi ano akapedzisa kuti nguva imwe cardiac kusungwa (kureva, chiremba rufu) haakonzeri mamiriro kupfuura muuropi. Kunongoita kurwadziwa. Matsotsi vava kuita maronda, uye electrodes nezvevanakomana kupinda chorudyi uye akasiya fudzi mhosva vakayambuka mwoyo uye yeropa.

Electric chairs - utsinye chirango

Zvine basa uyo akazogadzira yemagetsi cheya: muvezi kana magetsi? More pazvese, nzira iyi Kurangwa sina hunhu. Kunyange utsinye munzira kana mumwe, nzira yose vaurayiwe, ndicho yemagetsi cheya anowanzopa inosuruvarisa matambudziko okuwedzera kutambura mhosva, kunyanya vanenge apo midziyo yaishandiswa anofanira kugadzira kana vakura. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi ichi mafiro kuwanikwa pasi pokudzora Leo Jones, inozivikanwa American dzevanhu nemumiriri, inapplicable, utsinye kurangwa, izvo zvinopesana US Constitution.

Zvino imi munoziva uyo akazogadzira yemagetsi chair. Dentist Albert Sautvik, pachena, havana kuziva kuti dambudziko Rakajeka Riri Mberi apinda musoro wake pfungwa. Nhasi, nzira iyi kuurayiwa yazova rimwe zviratidzo kuUnited States. Asi yemagetsi cheya akanga afunga chiremba wemazino, aingoda kuvasunungura pakutambura.