Kubvuma sanduko - ichi ... The pfungwa uye mhando elasticity. Elasticity kuti kudiwa uye zvitengeswa

Elasticity anonzi padanho maitiro rimwe shanduka zvoupfumi, apo vamwe kuchinja. Nemamwe mashoko, elasticity - yomumba zvitengeswa uye kudiwa nhumbi kubva siyana mutengo uye asiri mutengo zvinhu.

Muchidimbu

Nedoro zviratidzo zvakadai PAKAPERA uye kudiwa, riri zvinhu zvakawanda. Sezvo unesungano, uye rokuti elasticity.

Nemuromo, upfumi akaporazve Dzidziso zvitengeswa uye kudiwa elasticities.

Elasticity kuti kudiwa chigadzirwa ndiye chikamu shanduko mitengo kana mari kuti kuchinja kudiwa. It iripo kuongorora kuti vatengi sei kuwedzera uye kuderera mitengo.

In upfumi dzidziso chinosiyanisa mhando dzakawanda mutengo kudiwa elasticity, inobva kuita zvinhu:

• Kwakavharwa nenyama kudiwa (kupfuura imwe). Izvi zvinosanganisira mishonga kuti muri muchikwata muumbozha.
• Inelastic kudiwa (asingasviki imwe). chikamu ichi zvinokosha.
• Zvinoda Unit pamwe elasticity (akaenzana imwe). Izvi zvinosanganisira zvigadzirwa izvo mutengi anosarudza nomumwe.
• Zvakakwana inelastic kudiwa (razero). Goods akadai chingwa, munyu, mishonga.
• Zvakakwana kwakavharwa nenyama kudiwa (akaenzana kusaverengeka). Pane chete mumamiriro ezvinhu ose kumisika vakakwana.

Price elasticity pamusoro pomugove ndiyo chikamu nomutengo kuchinja shanduko yokuchengetera chechetere. On mufananidzo uyu vanotungamirirwa zvakadaro:

• Kuvapo / kusavapo kweShanduro kuchengeterwa (ari chiitiko kuti pane reserves, kugoverwa ndiyo kwakavharwa nenyama).
• Kugona kuponesa mumatanda ose apera zvigadzirwa (kana zvakadaro, pfungwa iri tefa).

The mhando huru:

• Kwakavharwa nenyama zvitengeswa. Kunyange ane chimwe muzana kuwedzera mitengo yekudyidzana yakawedzera kudiwa zvigadzirwa.
• Kuuya chikwata elasticity. pane zvakafanana kuwedzera wedzerai pamisika panguva imwe muzana kuwedzera mitengo.
• Inelastic zvitengeswa. Hapana chinoitika kana mutengo kuwedzera pfungwa.
• Elasticity "iri nguva". Nguva nguva iri diki zvokuti vanogadzira vanowatengesa havana nguva kupindura kuchinja mutengo.

High kuchinja kwenguva refu. Rinopa zvakawanda kwakavharwa nenyama, nekuti Vagadziri vane nguva yakakwana chokusika kugona idzva zvibereko kana rikurumidze kurimwa rikurumidze.

Aongorora romugove uye kudiwa, zvinokwanisika kuziva pfungwa nezvemaitiro Kuchinja pfungwa chokuita mutengo kana asiri mutengo zvinhu. Kuburikidza izvi zvaitwa nemutoo nomurayiro romugove uye kudiwa. Kazhinji vatsvakurudzi ndiko kukwana hwokuti kuwedzera mitengo kunotungamirira zvinoderedza kuti kudiwa zvigadzirwa. Vanoda zvakarurama quantitative sezvaunotara iwe, nokuti rutapudzo riri nokukurumidza, anononoka, simba kana simba.

Market aikanganiswa panyaya Pricing, kwemari kana mamwe mabasa ezvinhu zvinoratidzwa elasticity zviratidzo, ayo kuburikidza chaiwo zvinhu inozivikanwa.

nhoroondo mashoko

Pfungwa elasticity yokuti ari upfumi akaonekwa kwapera asi nokukurumidza akava mumwe inokosha. The vakawanda izwi iri upfumi vaibva sayenzi yepanyama. Robert Boyle mu nemanomwe remakore kuburikidza nokudzidza zvivako zviri gasi rokutanga vakashandisa shoko rokuti "elasticity". Asi akapa upfumi tsanangudzo Alfred Marshall chete muna 1885. musayendisiti British haina pfungwa yagadzirwa. Uchishandisa nebudiriro Adam Smith uye David Ricardo, akapa wokutanga pachena tsanangudzo coefficient mutengo elasticity kuti kudiwa.

To musi, hapana chikamu rimwe upfumi, vasingadi vakashandisa shoko rokuti "elasticity". Pano uye kudiwa kuongorora pamwe panyaya yokusarudza dzidziso yemakambani uye zvoupfumi zvinogara, dzakawanda mamiriro ezveupfumi, kutarisira kwoupfumi uye nevamwe. Kubvuma sanduko - izwi, izvo zvinokosha kuti kune upfumi ano.

elasticity kupatsanura

Mhando upfumi izwi inonzi:

• mutengo elasticity kuti kudiwa;
• elasticity kuti zvitengeswa uye mari;
• mari elasticity kuti kudiwa;
• muchinjikwa-mutengo elasticity kuti kudiwa;
• kunongedzera elasticity kuti kudiwa;
• Arc elasticity kuti kudiwa;
• elasticity ane yakarurama mutsetse;
• Technical elasticity pamusoro kuzvitsinhanisa;
• mutengo elasticity uye muhoro ratios.

Point elasticity - iri kugara pamusoro vade uye PAKAPERA HONDO. Zvinonzi akayera pane imwe nguva, saka zita rokuti. Point elasticity chinhu nechinangwa nechiyero nehanya kuti kudiwa uye wedzerai mutengo uye mari kuchinja.

Arc elasticity - pamusoro padanho akapindura. It haripi mashoko zvakarurama (kusiyana panzvimbo). Arc elasticity zviri kudiwa ndiwo avhareji romugove uye kudiwa kuti kuchinja mitengo kana mari. Zvakakodzera nokukurumidza kuongorora zvinonyatsorehwa ezvinhu pamusika.

coefficient kuti elasticity

The coefficient mari elasticity ndiye anokonzera mwero quantitative kuchinja chimwe chinhu (Vhoriyamu kudiwa kana nemushonga), apo vamwe kuchinja (mutengo, mari kana mari) mumwe muzana.

Elasticity kuti zvitengeswa uye kudiwa rinowanikwa sezvo nhamba shanduko padanho kudiwa (wedzerai) kushandura chinhu determinants kubva muzana. Determinant - munhu chinhu ane kukanganisa nemushonga uye kudiwa. The coefficient pamusoro elasticity inotsamira determinants zviratidzo.

A zvakasiyana siyana akasiyana mumwe mune mwero kudiwa pamwero kuchinja pasi pokudzora zvimwe zvinhu. The Kugamuchira kuti kudiwa zvigadzirwa izvi quantifiable shanduko pedyo chinhu. Aichinja kudiwa elasticity zvainoita ezvinhu ari pamusika yose.

Iri izwi rinoreva kuti muitiro kuchinjira kumamiriro kuchinja kumusika gadziriro huru zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mutengo chigadzirwa, mutengi kwemari uye mutengo nhumbi analoginen.

tichiverenga nzira

The coefficient pamusoro elasticity mari rinowanikwa nenzira dzakawanda. Dzemaitirwe, pane zvinokosha nzira mbiri:

• Arc elasticity kana kuchinja yacho chinhu chakakombama. Rinoshandiswa kuyera elasticity pakati dzinokosha romugove uye kudiwa makakombama. Kunosanganisira kuziva chepakutanga uye inotevera chechetere mutengo uye bhuku.
• Gwapa elasticity kana elasticity imwe pfungwa. Rinoshandiswa muzviitiko kana paine mashoko pamusoro mashandiro anoita kudiwa (romugove) uye kwokutanga mutengo yomuropa, uyewo ukuru kudiwa (zvitengeswa). mutoo uyu rinoshandisirwa pamwe zvishoma kuchinja mutengo kana mumwe parameter.

Key ehupfumi

Pachishandiswa kutsunga, mashandiro uye Masvomhu, achiteverwa kwakadaro elasticity ehupfumi:

• elasticity ndiye ukoshi hukuru kuti zvinoenderana zviumbu kuti ayere vhoriyamu, mutengo kana zvimwe parameters;
• elasticity of itirana mashandiro ndivo itirana ukoshi.

Pane huru zvitatu zvichienderana nokufamba pamisika mutengo Vhoriyamu kudiwa:

1. Inelastic kudiwa. It kunoitika apo uwandu yakatengwa zvinhu yakawedzera zvishoma pane chimwe muzana roga muzana mutengo kuderera.
2. With nokuwedzera yakatengwa chigadzirwa nezvikamu zvinopfuura chimwe muzana uye kuderedza mutengo kubudikidza chikamu kudiwa anova kwakavharwa nenyama.
3. Pfungwa imwe chete elasticity kunoitika apo kwazvo kugadzirwa kaviri nokuda kudzikisa mutengo wawo hafu.

Zvinhu zviri kudiwa elasticity

• The nguva chikonzero (nokuti kwenguva hunhu kupfuura kwakavharwa nenyama kudiwa).
• Kuvapo kana Kuwanikwa zvinhu-analogues (kana izvi havapo, mukana kuderedza shoma kudiwa).
• Part of mutengo kuti mishonga kuti vaumbe nevatengi bhajeti.
• musika saturation pamwero kugadzirwa.
• Mukana kushandisa chigadzirwa.
• Kukosha chigadzirwa ichi nokuda mutengi.

Zvinhu inelasticity kuti kudiwa

Funga nguva nenguva iyo mutengi rine zvakananga zvazvinoita:

• iye anoda nhumbi aine unhu hwakanaka (kudiwa ndiko mutengo inelastic, kana chigadzirwa asingadi kushanda kana kubiridzira mutengi netarisiro);
• Vatengi kazhinji Anorayirawo rakavapo ari mugadziri (iyi, anoda kubhadhara zvimwe);
• Vatengi arege zvakakwana nezvengozi zvariri chigadzirwa;
• Price haasi mukuru zvichienzaniswa bhajeti vanoshandisa;
• mutengi ane mukana kuponesa pane imwe mhando nhumbi.

Income elasticity kuti kudiwa

Se pachiyero quantitative kuchinja mari rimwe muzana. Revenue kukura kunowedzera mukana achitenga, kwokudiwa kunowedzerawo, uye elasticity kuti kudiwa akanaka.

Kana coefficient kuti elasticity iri diki (kupfuura razero asi asingasviki rimwe), zvino chikuru faniro zvigadzirwa. Kana mukuru mumwe, chinhu muumbozha.

Kana fuma murombo quality, pane mari elasticity kuti kudiwa akaipa (asingasviki razero). Kubvuma sanduko - dimikira iri dzichichinja zvichienderana musika ezvinhu.

Cross-elasticity kuti kudiwa

reshiyo Izvi zvinoratidza mwero shanduko kudiwa rimwe chigadzirwa, apo mutengo nevamwe kuchinja mumwe muzana. Ndiye akanaka, kunaka uye razero.

Kana reshiyo mukuru razero, ipapo zvigadzirwa vari kuchinjaniswa, kana zvishoma, zvigadzirwa mukwanisi mumwe. Kana muchinjikwa elasticity kuti kudiwa ndiyo razero, ipapo nhumbi havasi novimba mumwe uye hazvina zvazvinoita kudiwa.

The chikuru chinokonzera kwomuchinjikwa-elasticity dzakasiyana zvigadzirwa - nevatengi ehupfumi nhumbi, yokutsiva dzavo kana kuwedzera.

Chimwe ndicho mananara pamusoro pamusika - ndiye elasticity zvibereko. Cross ndiye asymmetrical: mumwe kunobva nezvimwewo.

Vanotsvakurudza zvepfungwa kuoma kuona miganhu sectors vachishandisa muchinjikwa elasticity coefficient. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvinotevera:

1. Hard tsunga zvinobvumidzwa mukuru pamwero muchinjikwa elasticity akaparadzana pamatavi. Somuenzaniso, muchinjikwa elasticity pakati yakagwamba nechando miriwo imwe kambani chaizvo, asi kugadzirwa mukanyiwa muriwo yakagwamba nechando pamwe - zvikuru pasi. Saka, inoramba kujeka kana kwete kutaura pamusoro pamatavi maviri kana mumwe nomumwe tinoda.
2. Redunhu muchinjikwa-elasticity (semuenzaniso, mukuru muchinjikwa elasticity pakati ruvara uye dema uye chena TV kuitika).

elasticity kuti zvitengeswa

Coefficient mutengo elasticity ose romugove ndiwo mwero quantitative kuchinja, asi mutengo kuchinja mumwe muzana.

Mwero kwokushanduka wedzerai zvichienderana achinja mutengo elasticity pamusoro pomugove ndiwo mutengo. Chiyero ichi change - ari coefficient pamusoro elasticity inopa, iro rinowanikwa sezvo nhamba vhoriyamu mutengo kuwedzera.

Zvinhu kuti ateme elasticity pamusoro zvitengeswa mari:

• timeframe (nguva imwe - inelastic, pfupi - dzakashandisa kuchinja mutengo, refu-refu - kwakavharwa nenyama);
• mukana-refu kuchengetera apedza zvinhu uye yakatengwa mbishi zvokuvakisa kugadzirwa kwavo;
• ari specificity ari kugadzirwa mabasa (uwandu basa kuitwa pamusoro kugadzirwa zvinhu);
• kufadza goho pamwe zvizere kutakura.

Price elasticity kuti wedzerai anochinja nokuda kwechirwere zvokugadzira zvinhu mberi, nouwandu pamusoro yakatsvuka zvinhu uye nezvimwe zvinhu rakadini.

Kuderedza romugove elasticities zvichiguma amplification pamusoro zvishoma mbishi zvinhu, iro rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa.

mhedziso

Kubvuma sanduko - ichi Hazvizivikanwi akapindura zvoupfumi zviratidzi pane mumwe.

zvitengeswa uye kudiwa mashandiro kuvimba vakawanda mutengo uye asiri mutengo zvinhu (determinants).

The elasticity kuti kudiwa nerevane uye kugoverwa kunoratidzwa nehanya kuti kudiwa uye wedzerai rokuchinja raishandiswa sechiratidzo chikamu. Kuti asimbise elasticity mune imwe kana imwe pfungwa, unofanira kuwana kukwana rinobva pane kushanda zvitengeswa uye kudiwa mune imwe determinant.