Kudeuka kure negungwa mudziva iri Eurasia. Kudeuka kure negungwa dhamu munyika

On Earth, riri madhamu mamiriyoni mashanu. Anogara 1,8% of zvachose panyika nzvimbo. The pakukura kure negungwa nyanza munyika inozivikanwa kweGungwa reCaspian. It Akakwezva masayendisiti uye vashanyi vanobva munyika yose.

nenzvimbo nzvimbo

Mubvunzo "Chii pakukura nyanza nzvimbo," mhinduro inogona zvakawanda. Pakati zvokusarudza anonzi Upper, Victoria, Huron, asi mhinduro yakarurama kunogona chete kuva kweGungwa reCaspian, yainzi gungwa chete nokuda kwayo nhoroondo mavambo uye hofori hukuru.

KweGungwa reCaspian iri pamusoro kondinendi Eurasian pamharadzano dzenzira kuti mumakondinendi maviri - Asia uye Europe. The zvachose nzvimbo dura iri 321 000 akaenzana makiromita. Kuwedzera mvura, pano ndivo chitsuwa (350 akaenzana kilometers) uye Peninsula. Remasangano kwavari - ichi Uch-Kosi (Dagestan), Tub-Karagan (Kazakhstan), Ashuradeh (Iran), the they dashi (Azerbaijan) uye vamwe.

Five inoti vane uoinde kumvura kweGungwa reCaspian. Zviri Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan uye Turkmenistan. The chakarebesa kwemhenderekedzo anenge 2320 makiromita uye ndezvaiye munharaunda Kazakhstan. Enzanisa mashoko Russian Federation mhenderekedzo yegungwa yepasisa pakati zvose munyika - 695 chete makiromita.

Mahombekombe egungwa ari kusiyaniswa yakaderera kwayo uye mvere unaku. The chete nzvimbo unogona kusangana kukwidziridzwa, iri kumadokero. Pane zvikuru ichitenderera kumahombekombe.

The Kudeuka kure negungwa nyanza haana chokuita munyanza, kunyange zvazvo anofambisa pamusoro 130 nzizi. Remasangano kwavari - a Russian Volga.

Kumabvazuva pamhenderekedzo kweGungwa reCaspian iri Salt Lake Garabogazköl, yaiva mvura yomugungwa the lagoon ine akakamanikana diki kusvikira 1980. Ipapo vakavaka mai uye mai, asi gungwa rakanga rakaoma nokukurumidza uye akadzokera panzvimbo Strait.

Cities akadai Baku, Turkmenbashi (Krasnovodsk), Avaz, Aktau, Derbent maigara pamusoro Mahombekombe ayo, chikuru kure negungwa nyanza muna Eurasia.

physiography

Vhoriyamu kweGungwa reCaspian anenge 44% of reserves kwegungwa munyika zhinji. nharaunda dzayo dzinosiyana zvichienderana mvura yakati sandara, iyo anochinja kakawanda, asi avhareji iri 321 000 akaenzana makiromita.

Kudzika reCaspian zvikuru gogonera. In rwokumusoro dziva riri kudzika chaizvo, uye pachiso kusvikira pasi makubhiti mana chete. Asi pane zvakare South reCaspian Basin, yakadereresa kutosvika riri pa kumativi 1025 mamita.

The tembiricha mvura zvakare zvinyamusi uye zvinoenderana nzvimbo. The akanyanya kupisa nguva kweGungwa reCaspian anouya August, apo muviri mvura nenharo kusvika 26 ° C. Zvisinei, kumaodzanyemba uye kudzika pasi uye vanogona kukura 32 ° C.

Kudeuka nyanza ne nharaunda - wakawanda. Asi ane specificity kuti anobvumira mvura kuva zvakasiyana sezvamunoita kubva munyanza. Zvikurukuru, ichi imhaka Continental eko. Rivers kuuya navo yakawanda ari reCaspian karusiyamu carbonates uye sulphates. ari salinity pamwero kunowedzera kubva pamuromo Volga kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva.

pasi kwakaita nzvimbo yacho anokamura kuNorthern, Middle uye Southern Sea reCaspian vachishandisa nezvikumbaridzo (Mangyshlak, Absheron). Izvi kunyanya silty pamusoro, goko jecha uye bedrock mune dzimwe nzvimbo (zvakadzamisisa).

The okunze kweGungwa reCaspian atsunga Continental zvikamu unozvidzora uye subtropical. Naizvozvo, yakadereresa tembiricha iri nharaunda pataimira kumativi - 8 ° C, chikuru + 26 ° C. Zvakanzi zvekare akanyora nhoroondo + 44 ° C chepakutanga kumaodzanyemba kwegungwa.

mhuka nyika

Nzvimbo huru Panyika mugungwa zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe madziva haisi kunyanya kupfuma mune marudzi, izvo pane anenge 1800. Of izvi, mhando 101 chete ndowenyika hove. KweGungwa reCaspian ndiyo nzvimbo nehove ezvokutengeserana zvinokosha, kusanganisira Sturgeon. Kunyange zvazvo kweGungwa reCaspian runoonekwa kuva kudzika dziva navageremo vane rebei saizi. Saka, hove Beluga otonga kureba 4 mamita.

The pakukura kure negungwa nyanza muna Eurasia iri kure mumakungwa, saka hapana kusangana hwokufananidzira gungwa mollusks, muramba, polyps, uye zvichingodaro. N. Asi mumusha reCaspian chisimbiso (chisimbiso), riri kuda kutsakatika. Winter izvozvo anomirira aizi of North Sea reCaspian, uye muzhizha anogona watangawo kune rokumusoro kunosvika kuna Volga uye Urals.

muriwo nyika

Total 728 mhando kasvisto, anogara kweGungwa reCaspian. Hwaro algae uye phytoplankton.

ReCaspian miriwo nyika ndiyo inopindirana chose wayo kudzika mvura hunhu. Kubva maruva kukura ikoko vamiririri vaviri chete. It Zostera uye Rupp. Second zita Zostera - gungwa uswa. It perennial pamwe refu mashizha inopenya mitema ruvara. Ruva anotarira somunhu nzeve.

Rupp anofarira mvura brackish, saka mvura yakachena hakuna nazvo. By rwayo chirimwa ichi chinoratidza kuwedzera rhizome. Pamusoro pemvura anongowanika panguva maruva, achisarudza vamwe zororo pasi. Rupp inoparadzirwa vegetatively, uye hove uye neshiri vanodya muchero yawo.

Saka, chikuru kure negungwa nyanza munyika akapfuma kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. vanhu Mostly duku kunoenderana upfumi basa vanhu uye mukuru kwezvakatipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda.

zviwanikwa

Kudeuka nzvimbo kwegungwa ane guru matura mafuta uye gasi. Yokutanga kuedza panguva mugodhi ndezvaJehovha kure 1820. Panguva iyoyo tsime yokutanga akachera nemhenderekedzo Baku.

Papera Nechekare hafu yezana remakore kwakava mafuta zvebhizimisi akawanda. Pari, muuto mafuta kweGungwa reCaspian vanofungidzirwa matani mamiriyoni gumi pa.

Kuwedzera conductors mbiri idzi goridhe, reCaspian anoudzawo ayo munyu uwandu, ivhu, jecha uye reraimu.

Nokuda kuvapo hunorapa madhaka uye chicherwa mvura kweGungwa reCaspian akava kuchirapa kutandara nharaunda. Zvisinei, pakaramba chete kuAzerbaijan. Iran uye Turkmenistan vari yakati Kuparadzaniswa nzvimbo bhizimisi. A kukwirira makwikwi Russian Sea Black nemhenderekedzo.

Kudeuka nzvimbo mudziva kunokwezva pfungwa anglers. Pano zviri mined anenge 90% yenyika hove pamusoro Sturgeon. Kazhinji pamutemo.

Environmental kuchengeteka

zvinetso zvemhoteredzo nezvakaonekwa nharaunda iyi kubva pakutanga oiri. Drilling, zvokufambisa pfuma uye zvakawanda pangozi kusvibiswa kune zvomumvura zvakatipoteredza uye ayo kukwana chinja.

Muna November 2003, ari reCaspian inoti akasaina Pakuumbwa Convention, izvo ndehwokuti kudzivirira kweGungwa reCaspian, kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye kuongorora zvipenyu nezvinhu.

A zvikuru dambudziko iri poaching, izvo zvinoderedza pachiyero mumatanda hove uye zvisimbiso anobvumira uzere chepamutemo zvakatapwa.