Kugadzirira aldehydes uye vaite

Aldehydes uye ketones zviri boka carbonyl yeimwe, uye vanomiririra yeHydrocarbon Morekuru. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, aldehydes - remubatanidzwa wenyika kabhoni uye rehydrogen maatomu, uye ketones - carbonyl remubatanidzwa pamwe kabhoni residues aldehydes. Kazhinji, mubatanidzwa rimwe carbonyl boka uye rehydrogen akadana boka aldehyde, uye pachavo aldehydes uye ketones - oxidizing akakura.

Kunze formaldehyde, iro rine gaseous chimiro, uye dzimwe mhando dzose aldehydes uye ketones vari Mobile mvura kuva Kubika pfungwa riri kudzika zvikuru pane tembiricha iri kabhoni pamwe chete nhamba kwemaatomu. Rehydrogen, inova chikamu aldehydes, achivabvumira kuiparadza chose mumvura.

Kugadzirira aldehydes kunoitika kuburikidza nzira dzakasiyana-siyana yakasiyana kunzwisisa uye venhumbi kunoitika pamwe yeHydrocarbon oxidation. The nyore aldehyde inonzi formaldehyde mhando, vakawana apo remubatanidzwa reokisijeni uye methane pamwe uwandu mhangura-zingi zvinhu zviduku. Kugadzirira aldehydes uye ketones zvinoenderana mukomboni siyana makemikari uye uwandu maatomu munyaya oxidation.

The acids izvo vakawana mushure aldehyde yeimwe uye zvimwe zvinhu muchiva kabhoni substrate. Mazita aldehyde zvigadzirwa zvikuru inowanzoshandiswa Russian mazita chiduku kuti panguo zita okupedzisira acids, izvo mudzoke aldehyde. Somuenzaniso, mamwe mazita ose aldehydes: formic, acetic, propionic, butyric uye isobutyric aldehydes. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo rakasiyana mumwe ari nhamba kwemaatomu. Kugadzirira aldehydes iri kunyanya nokuda oxidation chinonyanya alcohols. Ndicho kukosha anozivikanwa nzira nekuda kwegadziriro fuma.

Acetaldehyde inotengwa kubudikidza mubatanidzwa doro uye potassium dichromate, uye ndakaiswa, nzira iyi inenge nguva murabhoritari. The nzira yechipiri iyo anobvisa kuti aldehyde mukomboni chiri doro, okisijeni uye resimbi. Platinum Kazhinji, sezvo simbi iyi ndiyo kushingaira chiito. Unogonawo kushandisa upfu emhangura, asi kuti vashande naye zvikuru. Nekuti kunodikamwa kuti vakuchidzire yemhangura mukomboni yakakwirira tembiricha.

Zvinoitwa umo okisijeni chikamu rinogona kudzokororwa chero kakawanda. Mune oxidation chemhangura pamwe okisijeni akawana methyl doro. Uye kugadzirira benzoic aldehyde kubva halogen maatomu, zvichiguma makemikari maitiro achishandisa hydroxyl.

Mumwe nomumwe aldehyde ine makemikari ehupfumi ayo, izvo zvaizoitawo sei nevamwe zvinhu. Maitiro aya inogona rakakamurwa mapoka akawanda, pamwe dzazvinogara mapoka maatomu. Rokutanga kubatana kuti sirivha oxide. Kana sirivha oxide remubatanidzwa uye aldehyde, uye muchidziisa musanganiswa kuti bvunzo chubhu anogona kuonekwa esimbi unhani. Kana aldehyde kuwedzera mhangura oxide uye nenharo pane mukuru tembiricha, yebhuruu precipitate mhangura hydroxide ichichinja tsvuku. Ndiko, nefuma iri vatendeukira kuna acid. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kana yeyero musanganiswa yakanga neshungu, pakupedzisira anotendeuka dzvuku.

Kugadzirira aldehydes pamwe zvinonhuwirira zvivako, uye oxidation unobuda kwenguva refu, uye pakupedzisira inotungamirira panowanikwa perbenzoic acid.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, unogona kuteerera aldehyde zvakaitwa, yainzi Cannizzaro zvakaitwa. Panguva iyi zvakaitwa, mumwe mamorekuru maviri aldehyde iri vatendeukira kuna acid, uye wechipiri - kudzokera doro. Zvisinei, zvose zviri pamusoro nzira achigadzirira aldehydes zvishoma zvinovhiringidza, uye zvichida zvisingambonzwisisiki kune vasingazivi munhu, zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti anenge ose aldehydes muchetura chaizvo uye zvinogona kuunganidza mumuviri womunhu.