Kuitika mumabhuku uye zvikamu zvayo

Kubudirira mune mabhuku nderokutungamira iyo inonyanya kukosha inoratidzika chokwadi chezvakanaka uye zvayo zvinowanikwa kunze kwekusavhiringidza kana kuwedzeredza. Iyi maitiro emitauro yakabva muzana remakore rechina, uye vateveri varo vakanyatsopesana nemhando dzakanyanyisa dzevezvinyorwa uye kushandiswa mumabasa emagariro akasiyana-siyana.

Zviratidzo zvekutumira

Kuitika mune mabhuku ezana remakore rechi19 kunogona kusiyaniswa pamusana pezviratidzo zvakajeka. Icho chikuru ndechekufananidzira kwezvakanaka mumifananidzo yakajairika yevanhu vanoverengeka, avo vaanosangana navo nguva dzose muupenyu chaihwo. Ichokwadi chiri mumabasa inofungidzirwa senzira yekucherechedza nemunhu wepasi rakapoteredza uye iye pachake, uye mufananidzo wega woga unyanzvi unoitwa nenzira nenzira iyo muverengi anokwanisa kuzviziva iyeye, hama, waanoshanda naye kana munhu anoziva.

Mumanyori uye nhoroondo dzenhau, unyanzvi huripo hunosimbisa hupenyu, kunyange kana chirongwa chacho chichiratidzwa nematambudziko akaoma. Chimwe chiratidzo chechimiro ichi ndechido chevanyori kuti vafunge nezvezvokwadi inotenderera mukugadzirisa kwayo, mumwe munyori achiedza kuwana kubuda kwemamiriro matsva epfungwa, hutano uye hukama hwehukama.

Zvinyorwa zvekunyora uku

Kubudirira mune mabhuku, izvo zvakatsiva rudo, kune zviratidzo zveunyanzvi hunotsvaka chokwadi nekuzviwana, zvichida kuchinja chokwadi.

Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa muzvinyorwa zvevanyori vezvinyorwa zvakagadzira zvakawanikwa pashure pekufungidzirwa kwenguva refu uye hope, shure kwekuongorora maonero ezvidzidzo zvepasi. Ichi chiitiko, chinogona kusiyaniswa nekucherechedza kwemunyori wenguva, yakatsanangura kusarudzwa kwezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvechokwadi zvezana remakore rechimakumi maviri kubva kumatsika echiRussia chaiwo.

Realism in   XIX yezana remakore

Vamiririri vakadaro vezvakaitika mumabhuku saBalzac uye Stendhal, Thackeray naDickens, Sand Sand naVictor Hugo, mumabasa avo vanonyatsojekesa zvinyorwa zvezvakanaka nezvakaipa, asi vachidzivisa pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki uye kuratidza hupenyu chaihwo hwevanhu vepanguva yavo. Ava vanyori vanonyatsojekesa kuverengi kuti zvakaipa zvinoratidzira munzira yehupenyu hwevanhu vanoita bourgeois, chokwadi chikuru chevanhu, kuvimba kwevanhu pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvenyama. Semuenzaniso, munhoroondo yaDickens Dombey neMwanakomana, muridzi wekambani iyi yakanga isina mwoyo uye isina hanya kwete nemasikirwo. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro emuitiro akaonekwa nekuda kwemari yakawanda yemari uye chido chemuenzi, uyo uyo hupenyu hukuru huri kubudirira.

Kuitika mune mabhuku hakusi kuseka uye kuseka, uye mifananidzo yevanhu vacho haisisiri yakakosha yemunyori pachake uye haave nehurota dzake dzakanaka. Pamabasa emakore ekumazana nezana remakumi mana nemana, gamba rinonyangarika rakanyangarika, muchimiro chaicho maonero emunyori anoonekwa. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka mumabasa aGogol uye Chekhov.

Zvisinei, zvakanyatsojeka zvakanyorwa maitiro zvinoratidzwa mumabasa eTolstoy naDostoevsky, vachitsanangura nyika sezvavanoona. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemufananidzo wevanhu vaine maitiro uye utera, achitaura nezvekutambudzwa kwepfungwa dzemakadhi ezvinyorwa, vachiyeuchidza vaverengi chokwadi chakaoma kuti hazvibviri kuchinja kune mumwe munhu.

Sezvo mutemo, zvinyorwa mumabhuku zvakakanganisa mugumo wevamiriri vevakuru veRussia, sezvinogona kutongwa nemabasa eIA Goncharov. Nokudaro, vanhu vari mumabasa avo vanoramba vachipesana. Oblomov munhu ane mwoyo munyoro uye munyoro, asi nekuda kwekusaremekedza kwake haakwanisi kuchinja hupenyu huri nani. Mamwe maitiro ane imwe mhando mumabhuku echiRussia - vasina simba-vanoda, asi vane zvipo Boris Raisky. Goncharov akakwanisa kugadzira chimiro che "anti-hero" inowanikwa yezana remakore rechina, iro rakaonekwa nevatsoropodzi. Somugumisiro, pfungwa yokuti "Oblomovism" yakaonekwa, inoreva kune vose vasingatauri, maitiro makuru ayo aiva ureme uye kusava nechido.