Kusvina mafuta? Apo mafuta zvikaramba? Mutengo mafuta

Mafuta chinhu jikichira combustible mvura ane ruvara kubvira chiedza shava (anenge segirazi) kuti shava (anenge dema). Maererano arambe achirema rakakamurwa munyoro, mwero uye yakanyanya.

Panguva ino, fungidzira ano nyika pasina mafuta zvinobvira. Ndicho chikuru tsime huni siyana chokufambisa, mbishi zvokuvakisa anogadzira zvinhu siyana nevatengi nhumbi, mishonga nezvimwe zvinhu. Uye sei mafuta zvikaramba?

patani

Mafuta negasi vaunganidza porous nematombo anonzi reservoirs. Vangave zvakasiyana. A nemuteresi akanaka anonzi rinomiririra sandstone layer riri pakati akaturikidzana dzevhu uye shale. Izvi haambotauri leakage nemafuta uye gasi kubva subterranean reservoirs.

Pakangotanga zvicherwa zvinowanikwa, imwe tinyatsonzwisisa padanda ravo pakugadzirwa, unhu uye kuva nzira zvakachengeteka kubvisa uye chokufambisa kuenda emhodzi. Kana inofungidzirwa pakuburitswa mafuta uye gasi kugadzirwa mumunda uyu Mari-anobudirira, installation anotanga kugadzirwa michina.

Features mafuta

Dzinongoitika reservoirs apo mafuta ari zvikaramba, zviri zvayo mbishi ezvinhu. Kazhinji, asi combustible chinowanika yakavhenganiswa negasi uye mvura. Kazhinji vari pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa, achifuridzirwa iyo mafuta misha kune unequipped mumatsime. Izvi zvingaita kuti matambudziko. Dzimwe nguva kumanikidzwa iduku zvokuti zvinoda kugadzwa rinokosha pombi.

Pfungwa oiri inogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu:

• Movement kuti Urume kuburikidza paumbwe kurutivi wellbore. Zvinonzi kuitwa dzinongoitika kana artificially akasika kumanikidzwa musiyano.
• Movement kuti Urume kuburikidza tsime - kubva pasi kusvikira pamuromo.
• Kunhonga mafuta kubva gasi uye mvura panguva pemvura kuparadzana, kucheneswa. Zvino Urume iri kuendeswa kune emhodzi.

Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana mafuta, iyo kuvimba mhando chicherwa deposits (nyika, gungwa uriri) mhando nomuteresi udziku. Uyewo, nzira ingasiyana sezvo yepanyama Dam Kuburitswa mu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvomumvura mafuta - muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa, sezvo kunoda zano subsea zvivako.

rwokuzvarwa nezvavakatapa

Kusvina mafuta? Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kumanikidza simba kunotangira dzinongoitika kana chokunyepera. Mashandiro wetsime panguva dura simba anonzi patsime. Panyaya iyi, pasi kumanikidzwa mvura pevhu, gasi, mafuta rinobuda kumusoro, pasina chikonzero kurera okuwedzera michina. Zvisinei, Chitubu nzira iri chete kushandiswa chikuru chicherwa dzokubudisa, kana kumanikidzwa riri wandei, uye anokwanisa nokusimudza nemvura kumusoro. Mune ramangwana, kudiwa mamwe midziyo kuti zvachose usina mafuta.

Fountain ndiyo nzira mari zvikuru. Kuchinja mafuta aibuda ravira chaiwo mavharuvhu, wellhead zvisimbiso iyo anodzora mari akaponesa fuma.

yechipiri uye tertiary nzira dzinoshandiswa pashure chikuru dzokubudisa, shandisa munda zvakanaka.

Primary, yechipiri uye tertiary nzira

In zvepanyama muitiro okuwana mafuta rinoshandiswa munhu stepwise nzira:

• Primary. Liquid iri akapa pasi kumusoro nevamwe dura, iyo yakaumbwa kubva pasi, gasi nokuwedzera zvichingodaro. With nzira iyi mafuta kupora chinhu (nezvaCin) iri vanenge 5-15%.
• Secondary. Nzira iri rinoshandiswa kana yepanyama kumanikidzwa hakuchina zvakakwana kusimudza mafuta ari tsime. Muchiitiko ichi mumwe muitiro yechipiri inova simba romugove kubva kunze. Izvi zvinoshanda sezvo jekiseni mvura, negasi kana ichifamba. Zvichienderana dura padombo namafuta zvechadenga yechipiri mafuta nokupora nzira kunosvika 30%, uye mari - 35-45%.
• Tertiary. Nzira iyi ndiyo kuwedzera mufambo mafuta kuwedzera goho rayo. Imwe nzira - TEOR ichi, apo nokuda kudziyisa kuti mvura iri dura kunoderedza viscosity. Kuti vaite izvi, vakawanda inowanzoshandiswa chiutsi. Zvishoma yaiwanzoshandiswa haasaruri combustion mafuta panzvimbo, zvakananga nokuumbwa. Zvisinei, nzira iyi haisi inoshanda chaizvo. Kushandura pamusoro makakatanwa pakati anokosha surfactant (kana surfactants) anogona kupinda pakati mafuta uye mvura. Tertiary mafuta kupora nzira kunoita kuwedzera anenge mumwe 5-15%. Nzira iri rinoshandiswa chete chiitiko kuti mafuta kuramba angabatsira. Naizvozvo, kushandisa tertiary nzira kunoenderana mari mafuta uye mari yacho rokubvisa.

Zvokuimba nzira: gasi chikwidzo

Kana simba kusimudza mafuta kusvitsa kubva kunze, zvino nzira iyi inonzi michini mugodhi. Rakakamurwa mhando vaviri compressor uye pombi. Mumwe nzira ine zvachiri.

The compressor anonziwo gasi chikwidzo. Nzira iyi inosanganisira Kubayiwawo jekiseni gasi kupinda wellbore, umo hwakakanyiwa namafuta. Somugumisiro, mashoko arambe achirema pakati musanganiswa kunoderedza. Bottomhole Kumanikidzirwa zvinoderedza, kunova yakaderera Dam. izvi zvose zvinotungamirira aibuda mafuta pamusoro pemvura. Dzimwe nguva negasi iri kusvitsa kubva yakavakidzana akaturikidzana. Izvi anonzi "rwokuzvarwa kumanikidzwa gasi-chikwidzo."

In minda yekare rinoshandiswa uye mhepo-vachasimudza wemuTesitamende iyo mhepo inoshandiswa. Zvisinei, nzira iyi kunoda combustion gasi, uye rukoronga ane yakaderera nemishonga kuti kukuvara ngura.

Gas chikwidzo nokuti mafuta akashandiswa Western Siberia, Western Kazakhstan uye Turkmenistan.

Zvokuimba nzira: kushandiswa pombi

Kana kupomba muitiro pane imwe kudzika akasiya pombi. The midziyo rakakamurwa kuva mhando dzakasiyana. The kushandiswa nevakawanda tsvimbo pumps.

Funga kuti mafuta zvikaramba nenzira iyi. Nheyo nokushanda mudziyo uyu sezvinotevera. The pasi Buri mutopota mukati zviri akaronga kubvisa vharuvhu uye humburumbira. Mumakore yakatarwa plunger ane kuvafurira vharafu. mafuta sangano kuitwa nokuda reciprocating kwebasa plunger. By rave kuzarura-kuvhara kubvisa zvinoyerera mavharuvhu.

Performance shamhu pumps iri vanenge 500 cubic metres. m / zuva patsime kudzika 200-400 M uye ane kudzika 3200 M - 20 bv. m / zuva.

uye rodless deposits zvinogona kushandiswa oiri. Panyaya iyi, kuburikidza wellbore kuti midziyo iri kusvitsa magetsi simba. Izvi zvinoitwa kushandisa chaiyo waya. Inogonawo ringashandiswa rumwe rudzi simba-rukova (coolant, compressed gasi).

MuRussia, zvinowanzoshandiswa chimiro Centrifugal yemagetsi pombi. With dzakawanda mafuta zvikaramba kushandisa michina yakadaro. Kana kushandisa nemagetsi pombi panguva pamusoro zvinofanira kuiswa utariri yemapurisa uye transformer.

Production munyika

Zvaionekwa sezvo mafuta kubva dzinongoitika reservoirs. Zvinofanira kuva aiziva kukura kumhanya. Pakutanga, kusvikira pakati 70-ies., Oil kurimwa yakapetwa kaviri anenge ose gumi. kumhanya kukura uye havazodi vanoshingaira. Bhuku mafuta yave pumped kubva pakutanga kugadzirwa (kubva 1850s.) To 1973 totaled mabhiriyoni 41 matani, inenge hafu dzakawira pamusoro 1965-1973 wacho.

Nyika guru mafuta vaburitsi nhasi nyika dzakadai Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran, United States, China, Mexico, Canada, Venezuela, Kazakhstan. Zviri inoti izvi ndiwo musika chikuru "ndarama dema". Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti oiri muUnited States haasi pamusoro zvinzvimbo, asi nyika akatenga deposits makuru dzimwe anoti.

Large mafuta uye gasi madziva, umo mafuta uye gasi vari Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, South reCaspian, Western kuSiberia, Algeria shuga uye nezvimwe.

mafuta

Mafuta ari non-renewable mokuwana. Musha kuti anozivikanwa deposits mabhiriyoni 1200 emiti uye vanzika - vanenge mabhiriyoni 52-260 emiti. Total mafuta reserves, kufungisisa kwayo kudyiwa mazuva ano, zvakakwana kwemakore anenge 100. Pasinei neizvi, mune urongwa Russia yakawedzera "dema goridhe" kugadzirwa.

Countries umo mafuta anogadzirwa vhoriyamu mukuru, zvinotevera:

• Venezuela.
• Saudi Arabia.
• Iran.
• Iraq.
• Kuwait.
• Brazil.
• Russia.
• Libya.
• Kazakhstan.
• Nigeria.
• Canada.
• US.
• Qatar.
• China.
• Brazil.

Oil muRussia

Russia ndiyo imwe vaitungamirira nyika oiri. Hakusi chete zvikuru kushandiswa munyika, hombe chikamu aivigirwa kunyika dzakasiyana. Ndokupi mafuta wokuRussia iri zvikaramba? The deposits pakukura zvinowanikwa nhasi mu Khanty-Mansi zvionera District, Yamalo-Nenets zvionera District uye Tatarstan. nharaunda idzi dzinopfuura 60% of zvachose Vhoriyamu anobudiswa Urume. Uyewo, Irkutsk nharaunda uye Republic of Yakutia - nzvimbo mafuta zvikaramba kuRussia, achiratidza nemigumisiro yakanaka kuwedzera Mavhoriyamu. Zvinonzi kwakabatana kukura itsva ekisipoti dzokugara Siberia - Pacific Ocean.

Oil mitengo

Mutengo mafuta achiumbwa kubva nhamba dziripo uye kudiwa. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi chine peculiarities ayo. Kudiwa anoramba anenge kuchinja uye ane zvishoma zvainoita simba pamusoro mitengo. Chokwadi, zviri kuwedzera ose gore. Asi chikuru chinhu Pricing ndiko kupa. A kuderera duku ahwo mune nechiredzo ari mutengo.

With ichiwedzera motokari uye michina zvakafanana kuti mafuta kudiwa inowedzerawo. Asi munda zvishoma nezvishoma kupwa. izvi zvose, maererano nenyanzvi, pakupedzisira kuchatungamirira dambudziko mafuta, kana kudiwa nokure zvitengeswa. Zvino mutengo zvinoshamisa kubhururuka.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mutengo mafuta ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nomutemo midziyo yose upfumi. Nhasi zviri kumativi 107 emadhora por dhiramu.