Lena River bheseni. Mirayiridzo yakatenuka, urefu, vabati vechibharo, miganhu rwizi bheseni

Lena River bheseni iri munzvimbo yakakura iri North-Eastern Siberia (Yakutia uye Irkutsk Region). Vamwe vabati vechibharo ayo riri Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Trans-Baikal Territory uye Republic of Buryatia. Vose nzizi zvenyika Lena chakarebesa pokutanga rechi10 uye 8th kuti chinofashukira. Ichi mumvura ichaongororwa wakarebesa rwizi kuRussia, iyo inoyerera pasi chete zita.

tsananguro

Lena River bhuku riri pedo Lake Baikal, 145? Km kubva Kachug kugarwa muna Irkutsk Oblast (dunhu Baikal Mountains). Uyezve, inoyerera kuburikidza Zhigalovsk, Kachugsk, Ust-Kut uye Kirensk dzoruwa, izvo riri imwe nharaunda.

In Yakutia, Lena runoyerera kupinda Lena, Khangalassky, Olekminsky, Namsky, mumaguta muruwa Yakutsk, Zhigansky, Kobyayskiy uye Bulunsky nharaunda. Runoyerera kupinda nenyanza yeLaptev, 160? Km kubva mumusha Chekurovka (Bulunsky dunhu). PeDare Lena River - kubva kurutivi rwezasi kusvikira kurutivi rwokumusoro-mabvazuva, uye ipapo kuchamhembe kubva Yakutsk.

History yakawanikwa

mashoko okutanga pamusoro guru kumabvazuva rwizi akazviratidza pakutanga XVII remakore. Mapoka anoverengeka Cossacks vakatumirwa kundosora ichi unexplored munharaunda. Muna 1628 pakundopambara akaenda Vasily Bugor nebato ravo. Vakakwira pamusoro Angara, akatora kuna Ilim, ipapo akayambuka Watershed uye rwizi Kut akasvika Lena. Pashure vaviri makore ari North-East mudunhu kweSiberia akaenda weuto Peter Beketov. Hondo dzake dzinondiunganira dzimba dzokutanga dzakavakwa munyika Kuta munharaunda yoRwizi, saka akatanga kuumba guta idzva - Ust-Kut.

Mumakore 1733-1743 of Lena River bheseni akatanga kudzidza nhengo esayenzi rwendo pakati Kamchatka. Muzana remakore rechi19, nharaunda yakaramba kuongorora Chekanovsky, Anjou, Toll uye mamwe masayendisiti. Mumakore 1910-1915 pamusoro Lena akanga cartographic basa. Muna 1919-1920, maererano migumisiro rwendo uye Evgenova Mathisen akanga vakanyora ane uwandu mvura mumuromo mayo kuguta Yakutsk. The zita "Lena", oddly zvakakwana, hazvina chokuita nezita wokuRussia mukadzi wacho, uye zvakafanana kubva Yakut "Yeh-lii-Ene", iro rinoshandurudza se "rwizi guru."

Lena River rechibharo

Huru rechibharo:

- Young, Kuta, Viluy (chikuru kuruboshwe vabati vechibharo).

- Tea, Aldan, Vitim, Kunzwa, Kirenga, Olekma (chinonyanya kurudyi vabati vechibharo).

The guru wavo rwizi Aldan kubva dziva kunharaunda 729 000 sq. M.

Maduku rechibharo:

- Kodzero: Suhusha, Orlinga, Beach, Zharkov, Chichapta, Iga, Dyanshka, Tayura, Dzhardzhan, Kovtorov, Botovka, Anga, tutura, Big River, distilling, Shapkin Buotmama, Berezovka, Small Balakhnev, Yukte, Larch, Chechuy, Upper Sarafaniha, Tuolba, marshy ivhu, Kovtorov, Kuzmin, Elovetsky, Sobolokh-Mayan, Parshinka, Zakobeninskaya rwizi uye vamwe;

- Kuruboshwe: Indus, Yamny, Ilga, Lower, Atalanga, Markha, napakugara kwemwedzi, Zaharovka, Dry, Upper Bochakta, Shulaga, Turuk, kuita mutserendende muchando, Naman, Semiga, Bobrovka, Kazimirka, Bots, Fedorovka, Ilikta, Talabak, Kuchta, Fedorovka, hafu, Potapovka, Kokarev, ubiennyh, Peleduy, Horuonka, Eekit, Tympylykan, Bear, Pilyuda, Rassokha, Yamny, Upper Katyma, Moksheniha, Meneevsky, Lower Katyma, Oleneksky, Chembalovka, Bear, Nemtanka, Ichera, Zaharovka, Stepaniha, Kulenga uye vamwe.

hydrological utongi

Lena rwizi 4.400? Km. Kunonyanyisa udzamu - 21 km. Kunonyanyisa upamhi armhole - 30 km. The pool nzvimbo iri 2,490,000? Km ². Power Lena uye zvinenge zvose rechibharo waro kuitwa yanyungudiswa chando uye vasanaiwa nemvura. Nokuda permafrost dura havaratidzi Zvisinei chikafu pasi, pamwe kunze geothermal zvinyorwa. Muchirimo erwizi kune mafashamo, mafashamo zvinoitika zvakawanda muzhizha uye matsutso nechando vanoonekwa ne yakaderera-shoma-mvura nguva.

Kwakaita nzvimbo yacho uye ivhu

Okumusoro kunosvika pakati dura, uye nomugove kukosha rechibharo yakakodzera dziri munzvimbo makomo nzvimbo Baikal nharaunda, Aldan Plateau uye Trans-Baikal. Left-webhanga chikamu dziva riri Central Siberian Plateau. chikamu vaduku pakati rwizi pakati uye tikarega nayo panguva (Central Yakut Plain). Pashure netaundi Pokrovsk, riri mu Yakutia, Lena rwizi aibuda DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA kuti zvinokambaira.

River unogona kukamurwa kuva zvitatu zvinokosha munzvimbo: kubva kupi, riri 12 km kubva nyanza ari kukwirira 1470 metres, kusvikira confluence murwizi Vitim (rokumusoro mugove), kubva wokupedzisira confluence muna Batamay (pakati) uye kubva akati pfungwa muromo (pasi).

On yokumusoro chikamu rwizi nhoroondo kwerinenge chetatu kureba kwayo. Upamhi mumupata anoda kubva 1-3? Km kusvika 10 km, mune dzimwe nzvimbo gwara nhete kusvika 200 metres. Mawere vane pamawere uye matombo dziva. Kukwirira Lena River munzvimbo rinosvika mamita 300.

Pakati rinosvika payo anova garika. saizi yayo iri kunyanya kwakawedzera mushure confluence pamwe rwizi Olekma. Pano, chiteshi upamhi ndiyo 2 km. Below muromo Olekma Dolina Leny anova yakatetepa pamwe reraimu zvakasimba dissected dzakatenuka zviri kure matombo.

Below muromo Aldan River Lena miganhu anomunzwira mhiri Central Yakut mubani. Munharaunda iyi, mupata kwayo akawedzera kuti 20-25 km uye armhole upamhi - 7-15? Km. Nhovo pakati madziva ari ramified chaizvo. Valley zvikuru asymmetrical: asi Lena River yakatenuka pamahombekombe kuruboshwe dererei zvikuru pane kurudyi. Nzvimbo kunosvika kudzika 16-20 mamita. In rezasi inosvika pakati dura dziva yakamanikana; kumadokero kune Upland Central Siberian Plateau, uye kumabvazuva iri pakufamba pachii Spurs of Verkhoyansk Range. Uyezve, munzvimbo umo rwizi runoyerera pakati muhomba uye Czekanowski Kharaulakh makomo, gwara upamhi ari kujekesa kuti 2 km.

Mune imwe nzvimbo dziva runoyerera kupinda nenyanza yeLaptev, akaumba guru Delta matavi vakawanda (ichi kunogona kuonekwa kana kutarisa Lena River Basin pamepu), rinopfuura chikuru Nile Delta (30 000? Km ba. M.). Pane zvinokosha zvipenyu nzvimbo: ". Lena-Mouth" anovaraidza Nezvorukodzi uye Ust-Lena, uyewo chengetedza Munzvimbo idzi, pane vanenge 109 eshiri, 32 mhando hove, 33 mhuka uye 402 marudzi zvinomera.

Features rwizi

Lena ari yakasiyana nemamwe nzizi ane chando utongi simba. A zvakarurama kwakasimba uye gobvu kutsigisa igwa chando achiumbwa pasi dziva iri noutsinye, dzechando refu uye shoma chando. Pasina izvozvo, rwizi rinei inenge 5-6 mwedzi kumaodzanyemba uye 4-5 mwedzi kuchamhembe. It -oma-up wakaisirwa kwapera anenge 10 mazuva pane ari mutero kuna dura. Okumusoro kunosvika of Lena River yaita chando mukupera October, uye nechepasi - kubva kumugumo September. Chose nyungudika kuti dziva iri mid-May chokumusoro uye chete pakutanga muzhizha - panzvimbo dzapasi rinosvika. The kunonyanyisa mvura tembiricha inogona kusvika 19 C muna nechokumusoro kwerwizi uye vanenge 14 C - pakudzika.

Mukupera April, tsime mafashamo zvinowanzooneka kwakacherechedzwa pedyo netaundi Kirensk (yokumusoro chikamu Lena) uye zvishoma nezvishoma zvava kuchamhembe, apo kunouya imwe dziva kunyange ice-akafukidzwa. In rezasi kunosvika kworwizi chiri zvinowanzochengetwa nechepakati-June. Pano, kuwedzera mvura inogona kusvika kusvika 18 mamita. Gore negore Laptev Lena anoita vanenge 41 zviuru. Matani solutes.

Nokuti gungwa riri dzinoratidzwa kwenguva nenguva kuwedzera pagore eko chisingazivi kuitika somugumisiro yakawanda emadhaka mumvura, asi nekuti pane chaizvo kunyunguduka permafrost uye chando mujinga pasi Lena. Fani iyi akatsanangura chokuti iri kuchamhembe Yakutia tembiricha kwakakwirira manjemanje kupfuura dzose.

misha

Misha pakukura rwizi vanoonekwa Kachug, Ust-Ilga, Vitim Verkholensk, Sangar, Yakutsk, Best, Maimaga, Kunzwa, Chekurovka, Omolo, Bakhanay, horintsy, Sinskaya nevamwe.

zvengarava Major: Lensk, Sangar, Pokrovsky, Tiksi, Sturgeon, Kirensk, Olekminsk uye Yakutsk.

Most guta guru nharaunda runoonekwa kuna Yakutsk. It rakaumbwa muna 1632 yokuzviparadzanisa pakati Cossacks Peter Beketov kurudyi yacho mudhamu. Gare gare takatamira kuruboshwe kumahombekombe Lena River. Zvino vagari vemo iri vanenge 240,000 vagari. Uyu ndiwo mumwe nemisha kupfuura North-Eastern kuSiberia.

Kazhinji, taita nevakabva orwizi. Kubva mumwe musha kune dzimwe nguva daro inogona kusvika mazana makiromita. Vazhinji nemisha dziri pedyo Yakutsk. Misha yakawanda vari derelict ezvinhu.

uswa

Zvakawanda nharaunda yakafukidzwa taiga uye yakakura mupaini masango. In nharaunda iyi varikukura misidhari, spruce, larch, misipuresi nemifiri. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nzvimbo kune nemhenderekedzo Lena kumafuro uko inowanzorimwa uswa (semuenzaniso mugwort, fescue).

Ichthyofauna

Lena River Basin akapfuma mhando hove: whitefish, Pike, Ide, neshinda Catfish, tungun, whitefish, dace, muramba, Rainbow, grayling, cisco, Ruff, knot, kabhu, roach uye bream.

mhuka

Pakati pemhuka kurarama ermine, mink, mhumhi, bheya, pano caribou, the marten. Soft uye fluffy mbava kunobatsira zvikara kutsungirira dzechando utsinye chaizvo nyore. Shiri dunhu - Tit achinaya mvura uye vawane nokutamba, achinaya mvura nejichidza uye vaaleanpunainen Gaviota - vanewo inodziya gobvu plumage.

mvura yepamusoro

Murwizi pane maumi kwete kupfuura 50-60 g / m³. Rwakadini mineralization pakati dura - kubva chitsva munyu. Vakawanda Lena dzinoratidzwa svikiro uye vakaderera salinity. Avhareji aona panguva nenzizi nemafashamo. Kana isu nezvazvo makemikari anoumba, mvura inogona kunzi kune hydro-carbonate-karusiyamu.

kutumirwa

Lena anonzi kuva huru gang pamusoro Yakutia uye Irkutsk nharaunda. Rwizi navigable kubva muromo wayo Kachuga. Vomumusha Ust-Kut pamusoro Lena anogona kushambira chete midziyo pamwe kudzika ubate. On runofarira duku matanho kudzamisa pasi dura pagore. Navigation nguva kunotora anenge 125 kusvika 170 mazuva. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chiri muviri ichi mvura akaita chinokosha chikamu "hwokumusoro pakukurukura".

ushanyi

Kuyangarara pasi rwizi rwendo zvikepe uye magwa. Lena - nzvimbo akakurumbira nokuda hove pakati zvose revashanyi veko zvakafanana.

Lena River bheseni ndiyo inozivikanwa inonzi Shishkin matombo. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvakanaka vakachengetedzwa dombo mifananidzo vekare vanhu. Vari okumusoro kunosvika pakati dura. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti iyi ndiyo chete nzvimbo saka zvakajeka uye zvakajeka rinotaura mabasa chinyakare murume

Zvakafanana akakurumbira pakati vashanyi Lena reMbiru (Yakutia Khangalassky dunhu) - yakasiyana Geological inotungamirwa - uye hunhu kuchengeterwa, riri kurudyi kumahombekombe erwizi. Mumwe Mangondo inonzi "mukoto Dhiyabhorosi", uye dombo iri rinonzi "nzombe akadhakwa." Munzvimbo yacho Lena reMbiru zvisaririra ekare vanhu, zvakare, dzawanikwa. Izvi zvinosimbisa dzidziso nezvemavambo murume extratropical. iri kunyange masayendisiti vane yakasiyana musi makore neolithic nzvimbo, zivai kuti nhengo genus Homo akararama pano kwemakore anenge 300,000 apfuura.

KuSiberia, chaizvoizvo yakawanda zvishamiso, asi renje iri taiga - nyore vakaramba. Kurudyi norwizi pane nzvimbo diki (anenge 1 km) jecha Dunes, izvo akasika fungidziro ane dzisinganayi uye inopisa nomunzvimbo dzine. Paradzai ichi kuzvinyengera chete pedyo mupaini. Tsananguro Fani iyi, pane vazhinji, asi kwete nomumwe wavo asati pamutemo kushandisa.

Zvicherwa uye simba zvinogona

Lena akasika reservoirs 12, vaviri guru Hydroelectric simba chiteshi vari Vilyue uye Mamakane. Bheseni ndiyo inozivikanwa zvicherwa ayo. Heano Aldan, uye Bodaibo goridhe inobereka nzvimbo. Gold deposits mumudziyo of Lena yakawanikwa mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi19. Pretty nokukurumidza pashure paizvozvo mbiri pavanogadzira pfuma nzvimbo yakatsvairwa mhiri Russia. Nharaunda akatanga chaiyo goridhe nhokwe muna Alaska. Coast akatanga kugara mafeni zhinji mari nyore kuti. Pakati pavo vaimiririra akasiyana zvikamu vokuparidzira vatengesi, mhizha, mutizi matsotsi, varwi. Vakawanda vavo vari kutsvaka pfuma vakafa nenzara uye nezvirwere, asi vanotsvaka ndarama achiri akava chete dzakawanda.

On Viluy rwizi rakarero ndakagovera nedhaimani dhipoziti, iro rakaonekwa muna 1955. Kare, zvakanga vaidavira kuti mabwe awa chete inowanikwa munyika dzinopisa. Zvino madhaimani guru Russia iri kuonekwa kupfuura guta Mirny. Uyezve, pane zvinhu zvakadai semarasha, negasi, Mika, dombo munyu, simbi mhangura nezvimwe.

Izvi utsinye uye yaisazoraramika pakutanga kuona mupendero yake yakanaka uye anoyevedza. Somugumisiro, pasinei ayo pachena inaccessibility, mvura, uye muganhu Lena ane yakawanda upfumi. Zvinogoneka kuti munzvimbo idzi acharatidza zvakawanda pfuma zhinji, kubva parwizi bheseni haisi aizvinzwisisa.